Chapter 4 - Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

Which characteristic is NOT common to all muscle tissues?

What two kinds of myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction?

Which functional characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched?

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for locomotion?

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Which type of muscle tissue helps maintain blood pressure and propels substances through organs?

What are skeletal muscle fibers supplied with to control contraction?

What is the function of arteries in the context of contracting muscle fibers?

What must be removed from contracting muscle fibers via veins?

What is the sarcolemma?

What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber?

A sarcomere is defined as the region of a myofibril between what structures?

What are the two main types of myofilaments found in sarcomeres?

What protein primarily composes thick filaments?

In the sarcomere structure, which filaments extend the entire length of the A band?

In the sarcomere, which filaments extend across the I band and partway into the A band?

What is the function of the Z disc in the sarcomere?

What are the heads of the myosin molecule called that interact with actin during muscle contraction?

What regulatory proteins are bound to actin in thin filaments?

What best describes the primary role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

What is the functional significance of T tubules in muscle cells?

According to the sliding filament model of contraction, what happens to the actin and myosin filaments?

Which event directly triggers the sliding of myofilaments, leading to muscle contraction?

What is the role of a nerve ending in skeletal muscle contraction?

What event propagates an electrical current along the sarcolemma?

What triggers the final step leading directly to skeletal muscle contraction?

What is the term for the link between the electrical signal and the mechanical contraction in muscle fibers?

Skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons of which nervous system?

What structure does each axonal branch form with a single muscle fiber?

What neurotransmitter is contained within the synaptic vesicles at the axonal endings?

What is the motor end plate?

What is the synaptic cleft?

What type of channels open to allow Ca2+ to enter the axon terminal at the neuromuscular junction?

What process releases ACh into the synaptic cleft?

How does ACh initiate an action potential in the muscle?

What enzyme quickly destroys ACh bound to ACh receptors?

What event is defined as a transient depolarization that includes polarity reversal of the sarcolemma?

How does the binding of ACh to its receptors at the motor end plate affect the sarcolemma?

During depolarization, caused by ACh, what happens to the interior of the sarcolemma?

During the action potential in a muscle fiber, what ionic event primarily occurs during depolarization?

What happens immediately after the depolarization wave passes in a muscle fiber?

How is the resting membrane potential restored after repolarization in a muscle fiber?

Which of the following directly triggers the release of calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$) from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

What role does calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) play in excitation-contraction coupling?

What happens to calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) levels in the sarcoplasm when a muscle fiber relaxes?

During the sequential events of muscle contraction, what directly causes the myosin head to detach from actin?

What is the role of ATP hydrolysis in the cross-bridge cycle during muscle contraction?

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Which of the following is an example of an isotonic contraction?

In the context of muscle physiology, what defines a motor unit?

Muscles that control fine movements, such as those in the fingers and eyes, have:

What is a muscle twitch?

Which of the following phases is NOT a part of a single muscle twitch?

What occurs during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

What is the primary mechanism by which graded muscle responses are achieved?

What is wave summation in the context of muscle physiology?

What is the difference between unfused (incomplete) tetanus and fused (complete) tetanus?

What is recruitment in muscle contraction?

What is the threshold stimulus in the context of muscle response?

What is the 'Treppe' or staircase effect?

Which factor contributes to the 'Treppe' phenomenon?

What is muscle tone?

Which of the following is true about muscle tone?

Which of the following factors affects the force of muscle contraction?

Why is the degree of muscle stretch important for the force of muscle contraction?

In isotonic contractions, what specifically changes in the muscle?

Which of the following distinguishes concentric from eccentric isotonic contractions?

What is the primary energy source used by muscles during direct phosphorylation?

What is a key product of the anaerobic mechanism (glycolysis and lactic acid formation) in muscle metabolism?

What is the approximate net ATP gain per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration in muscle metabolism?

Which of the following is a condition that defines muscle fatigue?

Which of the following contributes to muscle fatigue?

During intense exercise, why might Na+/K+ pumps fail to restore ionic balances quickly enough in muscle fibers?

Approximately what percentage of energy released during muscle activity is converted to useful work?

How does the body primarily prevent dangerous heat levels during muscle activity?

In a hypothetical scenario, a toxin impairs the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, specifically preventing it from effectively sequestering $Ca^{2+}$. Which of the following immediate effects would be most likely observed in skeletal muscle?

Imagine a new drug that selectively blocks voltage-gated $K^{+}$ channels in neurons responsible for innervating skeletal muscle. What would be the MOST likely direct effect of this drug on muscle contraction?

What is the specialized function of muscle tissue?

Elasticity refers to the ability of muscle tissue to forcibly shorten.

What type of energy is required for muscle contraction?

The property of muscle tissue that allows it to receive and respond to stimuli is known as ______.

Match the following muscle properties with their descriptions:

Which type of muscle tissue is found connected to bones?

Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control.

Which muscle tissue type features cells that are described as 'spindle shaped'?

Muscle tissue that is described as striated and under involuntary control is ______ muscle.

Match the following muscle types with their voluntary/involuntary nature:

What is the connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle?

A fascicle is a bundle of individual muscle cells (fibers).

What connective tissue type connects muscles to bones?

The connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fibers is called the ______.

Match the connective tissue layers with the structures they surround:

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber called?

The sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell.

What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

The T-tubules are membrane canals that reach deep into the muscle fiber and surround ______.

Match the structure and its function in the muscle fiber:

During muscle contraction, what happens to the length of the actin and myosin filaments?

During contraction, the overlap between actin and myosin filaments decreases.

Which filament (actin or myosin) 'wants to pull on a rope'?

During muscle contraction, the sarcomere ______.

Match the components of the sarcomere with what shortens during muscle contraction:

Which protein blocks the myosin binding sites on actin?

Troponin directly binds to myosin.

What ion is responsible for initiating the movement of tropomyosin, exposing the myosin binding sites?

The regulatory protein that says 'No' to myosin is ______.

Match the regulatory protein to its action:

The region of the sarcomere that contains only myosin is called the?

The M line anchors actin filaments.

What structure divides the sarcomere at its ends?

The ______ band contains both actin and myosin filaments.

Match the band/zone of the sarcomere with what it contains:

Action potentials spread along the sarcolemma and into the T tubules.

What ion does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release?

In excitation-contraction coupling, myosin binding sites are exposed after the release of ______.

Match the action during Excitation-Contraction Coupling:

What neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction?

Muscle fibers are positively charged on the inside when polarized.