Muscle Mechanics and Relative Age Effect in Sports

<p>Disparities in competition levels among similarly categorized athletes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To respond only when the designated relevant stimulus is present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greatest active force is generated due to full cross-bridge formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Few actin-myosin bindings occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the resistance of relaxed muscle to stretch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active force plus passive force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle is overstretched. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Too few active cross-bridge formations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the basic unit that generates contractile force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATPase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shorten and produce force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel elastic elements and serial elastic elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By altering the timing and amount of muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccentric contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal length at which muscles generate maximal force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect muscle to bone while storing and releasing force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to energy storage in elastic elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing sensory information and issuing commands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal active force is produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the brain to voluntary muscle systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal length for maximum force production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may reduce performance due to stress-induced strength loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces stiffness, making muscles more compliant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is little to no evidence of its effectiveness in reducing injuries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle-tendon stiffness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maximize elastic recoil and develop neural coordination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced ability to store and return elastic energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves light-load weight-lifting at maximal speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances explosive rapid contractions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased tissue thickness and density. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By maximizing energy return and improving coordination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium ions (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate action potential through summation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure all muscle fibers within a motor unit contract or none do (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By having multiple synapses active at the same time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A depolarization to -55 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opening of potassium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of muscle fibers activated by one neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help in repolarization of the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reaction requiring the differentiation between multiple stimuli, selecting only the appropriate one, and then pairing it with the correct response.

A tendency to favor earlier-born athletes in selections, due to an advantage in physical development.

A specific date used to categorize athletes' ages, potentially impacting selection processes.

The physical processes in muscles that control movement execution.

The properties of muscles that describe how they react to forces and work.

The ability of muscle tissue to shorten and produce force.

The ability of muscle tissue to stretch.

The ability of muscle tissue to recoil and return to its original length after stretching.

The part of a muscle that directly produces force during contraction.

The parts of a muscle that store and release energy through recoil, including parallel (PE) and series (SE) elements.

The relationship between the length of a muscle and the force it can generate.

The resistance of a relaxed muscle to stretch, primarily from the elastic elements.

The length of a muscle at which passive force begins to develop.

The muscle length where the maximum force is produced.

The sum of active and passive forces, the total force produced by the muscle.

The dimension of a muscle from one end to the other.

Muscle length significantly longer than its optimal length.

Muscle length significantly shorter than its optimal length.

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

Connections formed between actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction.

The amount of strength a muscle can exert during contraction. It can vary depending on factors like the length of the muscle and the type of contraction.

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for integrating and commanding information throughout the body.

Involuntary actions happen automatically, like breathing, while voluntary actions are consciously controlled, like walking.

Decreased strength after static stretching, often seen as a temporary effect.

Exercises focused on improving range of motion in joints, often using stretching techniques.

Decreased resistance of muscles and tendons to stretching, often following flexibility training.

Increased resistance of muscles and tendons to stretching, often following strength training.

A movement pattern where a quick stretch (eccentric) immediately followed by a powerful contraction (concentric) maximizes force production.

Exercises designed to enhance SSC by performing explosive, rapid contractions after a stretch.

Exercises with light weights and rapid movements to develop powerful muscle contractions.

The ability of the nervous system to efficiently control and activate muscles during movement.

The ability of various muscle groups to work together efficiently during movement.

Plyometric training increases muscle stiffness, shifting the force-length curve to the right, meaning greater force output at a given muscle length.

The basic structural components of a neuron include the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axons. The soma contains the nucleus and other organelles. Dendrites are branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons. Axons are long, slender extensions that transmit signals to other neurons or muscles.

A sensory neuron, also known as an afferent neuron, carries signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). These neurons detect stimuli such as light, sound, or touch, and transmit information about the environment to the brain and spinal cord.

A motor neuron, also known as an efferent neuron, carries signals from the CNS to muscles or glands, initiating a response. These neurons control muscle contractions, gland secretions, and other bodily actions.

An interneuron connects neurons within the CNS, facilitating communication between different brain regions or between sensory and motor neurons. These neurons play a crucial role in processing information and generating complex responses.

An action potential (AP) is a rapid, short-lived electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron. It's triggered by a change in membrane potential and involves the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane.

Depolarization refers to the process where the membrane potential of a neuron becomes less negative, moving closer to zero. This is caused by an influx of positive ions, primarily sodium ions (Na+), into the cell.

Repolarization is the return of the membrane potential back to its resting state following depolarization. This occurs when potassium ions (K+) flow out of the cell, restoring the negative charge inside the neuron.

Hyperpolarization refers to a temporary membrane potential that becomes even more negative than the resting potential. This occurs after repolarization due to the continued outflow of K+ ions, making the inside of the neuron more negative than usual.

A synapse is the junction between two neurons, where chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to the next. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response.

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger released from the presynaptic neuron at the synapse. It binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a physiological response, such as depolarization or hyperpolarization.