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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false?
Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false?
- Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy.
- Glycolysis and the 'grooming' of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle. (correct)
- Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule may yield 32—34 ATP molecules.
- Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation.
- Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules.
Cyanide and dinitrophenol affect cellular respiration in different ways. What is true about their effects?
Cyanide and dinitrophenol affect cellular respiration in different ways. What is true about their effects?
- Dinitrophenol blocks the passage of electrons through electron carriers.
- Cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient.
- Cyanide increases the rate of H+ crossing to the intermembrane beyond the capacity to synthesize ATP. (correct)
- Cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase. (correct)
Which of the following statements regarding muscle fibers is false? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements regarding muscle fibers is false? (Select all that apply)
- Fast fibers are better able to produce ATP anaerobically.
- Training usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another. (correct)
- All human muscles contain fast and slow muscle fibers.
- The percentage of each fiber type varies from person to person.
- The proportion of fast and slow fibers is genetically determined.
The term anaerobic means:
The term anaerobic means:
Which of the following statements regarding fast-twitch muscles is false? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements regarding fast-twitch muscles is false? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
During these energy conversions, some energy is:
During these energy conversions, some energy is:
Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?
Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?
Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?
The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is:
The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is:
Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true?
Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true?
Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.
Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.
Humans use about ________ of their daily calories for involuntary life-sustaining activities such as digestion, circulation, and breathing.
Humans use about ________ of their daily calories for involuntary life-sustaining activities such as digestion, circulation, and breathing.
A kilocalorie is defined as:
A kilocalorie is defined as:
The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving?
The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving?
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose:
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose:
During redox reactions:
During redox reactions:
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is:
In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is:
During cellular respiration, NADH:
During cellular respiration, NADH:
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to:
The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to:
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit:
A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit:
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?
Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?
Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in:
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in:
The end products of glycolysis include:
The end products of glycolysis include:
Pyruvate:
Pyruvate:
Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle:
Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle:
Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false?
Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false?
Pyruvate is considered a(n) ________ in aerobic cellular respiration.
Pyruvate is considered a(n) ________ in aerobic cellular respiration.
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the:
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the:
The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except:
The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except:
The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like:
The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like:
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in:
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in:
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in:
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in:
During chemiosmosis:
During chemiosmosis:
Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false?
Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false?
The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that:
The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that:
A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?
A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?
If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest:
If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest:
By-products of cellular respiration include:
By-products of cellular respiration include:
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is:
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is:
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because:
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because:
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Study Notes
Muscle Fibers and Their Types
- Muscle fibers are categorized as slow-twitch and fast-twitch.
- Fast-twitch muscles generate short bursts of power but have fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin compared to slow-twitch muscles.
- Genetic makeup determines the proportion of fast and slow muscle fibers in an individual.
- Training cannot convert one type of muscle fiber into another.
Anaerobic Processes
- The term "anaerobic" refers to processes that occur without oxygen (O2).
- Fast-twitch muscles utilize anaerobic processes effectively.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
- Cellular respiration produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water but consumes glucose.
- Energy released during cellular respiration is captured in the form of ATP.
Energy Conversion in Cells
- Some energy is lost as heat during energy conversions in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
- The overall equation for cellular respiration of glucose is:
- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
ATP Production and Usage
- Humans derive energy from food, using about 75% of daily calories for vital functions like digestion and circulation.
- A kilocalorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
- Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose.
- Glycolysis converts glucose into two three-carbon compounds (pyruvate).
- Oxygen is eventually oxidized during the electron transport process to form water.
Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
- The inner mitochondrial membrane houses ATP synthase and electron carriers.
- ATP is synthesized during chemiosmosis when H+ ions move through ATP synthase.
- A drug that creates holes in mitochondrial membranes would disrupt oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle.
Cellular Respiration Efficiency
- Cellular respiration is more efficient in harnessing energy from glucose than traditional fuel engines.
- Less than 50% of glucose's chemical energy is converted to ATP, with FADH2 contributing 2 ATP and NADH contributing 3 ATP.
Mitochondrial Functions
- Coenzyme A functions similarly to a chauffeur, transporting inputs for energy cycles.
- The end products of the citric acid cycle include CO2, NADH, and FADH2 but not pyruvate.
Experimental Insights
- Radioactive carbon will first appear in glucose-6-phosphate during aerobic bacteria metabolism.
- Mitochondrial cristae increase the surface area for more electron transport chains, enhancing ATP production.
Genetic and Biochemical Interactions
- Redox reactions in biochemical pathways highlight the coupling of electron loss and gain.
- NADH plays a crucial role in carrying electrons and is converted into NAD+ during its oxidative phase.
Poison Effects on Respiration
- Rotenone inhibits ATP production in insects by preventing efficient electron transport.
- Cyanide acts as an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol disrupts the proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
Key Definitions
- Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
- Oxidative phosphorylation yields the majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
- By-products of cellular respiration primarily include carbon dioxide and water.
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