Muscle and Nervous Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which muscle type requires input from the autonomic nervous system for contraction?

  • Single-unit smooth muscle
  • Multi-unit smooth muscle (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle

    • What are the main types of cells that compose nervous tissue?

  • Chondrocytes and osteoblasts
  • Neurons and neuroglia (correct)
  • Erythrocytes and leukocytes
  • Fibroblasts and adipocytes

    • Which part of a neuron is responsible for carrying outgoing action potentials?

  • Dendrites
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Axon (correct)
  • Cell body

    • What is the insulating layer that may cover the axon called?

    <p>Myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of neurons allows them to respond to various types of stimuli?

    <p>Irritability and conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of cardiomyocytes compared to skeletal muscle fibers?

    <p>They have a single nucleus and contract on their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intercalated discs play in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>They allow cells to synchronize their actions and form a functional syncytium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the conduction system in cardiac muscle?

    <p>It initiates the heartbeat and spreads contraction impulses rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do gap junctions serve in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>They facilitate communication between adjacent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the action potential in cardiac muscle cells differ from that in skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Cardiac muscle action potentials have a prolonged plateau phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of excitable tissues?

    <p>Generation and transmission of electrochemical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with muscle tissue?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the membrane potential play in excitable tissues?

    <p>Triggers mechanical contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of transmitters in glandular tissues?

    <p>Changes in membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are muscle tissues classified based on their control?

    <p>Voluntary, involuntary, and reflexive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurons in nerve tissues?

    <p>Carry electrical impulses over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of muscle fibers is activated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold value?

    <p>Mechanical contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the excitability of tissues?

    <p>Nerve and muscle tissues are capable of generating action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>To allow muscle action potentials to reach deep into the muscle cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body mass is composed of skeletal muscle?

    <p>40% to 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for triggering muscular contraction in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Calcium ions (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional unit of striated muscle is known as what?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the muscle cells in skeletal muscle characterized in terms of nuclei?

    <p>Multinucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve fibers supply cardiac muscle tissue?

    <p>Autonomic nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Involuntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

    <p>It acts as the major biosynthetic center and contains the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the neuron is responsible for the initiation of the axon?

    <p>Axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glial cells are responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of microglia in the nervous system?

    <p>Remove debris and respond to injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the direction of anterograde impulse movement?

    <p>From the cell body toward the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dendrites in neurons?

    <p>They lack Golgi complexes and branch extensively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of astrocyte is mainly found in gray matter?

    <p>Protoplasmic astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a synapse?

    <p>The junction between two neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a synapse?

    <p>To transmit impulses from one neuron to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse allows for the direct exchange of ions between neurons?

    <p>Electrical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained in the synaptic cleft?

    <p>A gap that separates two neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of synapse is there often no continuity between neurons?

    <p>Chemical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse transmits impulses without delay?

    <p>Electrical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse inhibits the transmission of impulses?

    <p>Inhibitory synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse is found primarily in the central nervous system?

    <p>Chemical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiology of Exitable Tissues

    • Four basic tissue types are connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.
    • All animal cells have a membrane potential and specialized electrical properties.
    • Exitable tissues can generate and transmit electrochemical impulses along their membrane.
    • Impulses are used to transmit signals along cell membranes.
    • Nerve and muscle tissues generate and propagate action potentials (APs).
    • Excitation of these tissues can be electrical, chemical, or mechanical.
    • The human body relies on these tissues to perform vital physiological processes (muscle contraction, nerve conduction, cardiac activity).

    Introduction Cont'd

    • Nerve tissue contains neurons that carry electrical impulses over long distances.
    • Muscle tissue produces mechanical force in response to electrical stimulation (e.g., heart cells) controlling heartbeat rate.
    • Contractile muscle fiber activation is triggered when the membrane potential exceeds a threshold value.
    • Glandular tissue secretions (transmitters, hormones) are triggered by membrane potential changes.
    • Membrane potential in intestinal cells aids in glucose and amino acid uptake.

    Brief Description of the Structure of Exitable Tissues: Muscle Tissues

    • The human body has more than 600 muscles.
    • Muscle tissue is characterized by excitability and contractility, allowing movement.
    • Muscle cells are excitable, responding to stimuli.
    • Muscle cells are classified by the presence/absence of striations, type of control.

    Skeletal Muscle

    • Skeletal muscle is associated with bones, forming the skeletal system, comprising 40-50% of body mass.
    • It is voluntary and striated, supplied by somatic nerves.
    • A typical skeletal muscle cell is about 100µm in diameter.
    • Skeletal muscle fibers, in parallel arrangements, are anchored to tendons.
    • Myocytes (muscle cells) arise from mesoderm, with relatively constant numbers throughout life.
    • Skeletal muscle tissue is arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue.
    • Under a light microscope, muscle cells appear striated with multiple nuclei along the membranes.
    • Striations result from the regular alternation of contractile proteins actin and myosin, along with supportive proteins coupling to connective tissues.

    Cytology of Muscle Tissues

    • Muscle cells are multinucleated, forming from fused myoblasts.
    • Sarcolemma (plasma membrane) has deep invaginations called transverse tubules (T-tubules).
    • T-tubules are continuous with sarcolemma and allow muscle action potentials to reach deep into the muscle cell.
    • Sarcoplasm( Cytoplasm of muscle fibers) includes glycogen, ATP, and myoglobin (oxygen-binding).
    • Myofibrils are thread-like structures with a contractile function, enclosed by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
    • SR stores calcium ions (Ca2+).
    • Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction.
    • Sarcomere is a functional unit of striated muscle.

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Cardiac muscle forms the heart's musculature.
    • It is striated and involuntary, supplied by autonomic nerves.
    • Contains cardiomyocytes; single cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.
    • Striated structure is due to thick myosin and thin actin filaments (similar to skeletal muscle).
    • Cardiomyocytes contract on their own intrinsic rhythm.
    • Cardiomyocytes connect via intercalated discs (anchoring and gap junctions).

    Smooth Muscle

    • Smooth muscle is associated with visceral organs.
    • It is involuntary and non-striated with spindle-shaped cells containing a single nucleus.
    • Supplied by autonomic nerve fibers.
    • Responsible for involuntary movements in internal organs (digestive, urinary, reproductive, airways, and blood vessels).
    • Contraction is slower than in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
    • Less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ is not the direct initiator of cross-bridge cycle in smooth muscle.
    • Two types of smooth muscle exist: multi-unit and single-unit smooth muscle.

    Synapse

    • Synapse is a junction between two neurons, not an anatomical continuation, but a physiological one.
    • Impulse transmission through synapse occurs via neurotransmitters.
    • Classification of synapse: anatomical (axoaxonic, axodendritic, axosomatic) and functional (electrical, chemical).
    • Chemical synapses: Absence of continuity between neurons; neurotransmitter release triggers receptor activation in the next neuron.
    • Electrical synapses: physiological continuity between pre- and post-synaptic neurons; direct ion exchange via gap junctions.

    Functions of Synapse

    • Synapse transmits impulse from one neuron to another; some synapses inhibit transmission.
    • Synapse can be categorized as excitatory (transmitting impulses) or inhibitory (inhibiting impulses).

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    Physiology of Excitable Tissues PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the types of muscle and nervous tissues, their structures, functions, and the electrical activities associated with them. This quiz covers various characteristics of neurons, muscle fibers, and the conduction system in cardiac muscle. Ideal for students studying biology or anatomy.

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