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Questions and Answers
Which muscle type requires input from the autonomic nervous system for contraction?
Which muscle type requires input from the autonomic nervous system for contraction?
- Single-unit smooth muscle
- Multi-unit smooth muscle (correct)
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
What are the main types of cells that compose nervous tissue?
What are the main types of cells that compose nervous tissue?
- Chondrocytes and osteoblasts
- Neurons and neuroglia (correct)
- Erythrocytes and leukocytes
- Fibroblasts and adipocytes
Which part of a neuron is responsible for carrying outgoing action potentials?
Which part of a neuron is responsible for carrying outgoing action potentials?
- Dendrites
- Synaptic cleft
- Axon (correct)
- Cell body
What is the insulating layer that may cover the axon called?
What is the insulating layer that may cover the axon called?
What characteristic of neurons allows them to respond to various types of stimuli?
What characteristic of neurons allows them to respond to various types of stimuli?
What is a unique feature of cardiomyocytes compared to skeletal muscle fibers?
What is a unique feature of cardiomyocytes compared to skeletal muscle fibers?
What role do intercalated discs play in cardiac muscle cells?
What role do intercalated discs play in cardiac muscle cells?
Which of the following is true regarding the conduction system in cardiac muscle?
Which of the following is true regarding the conduction system in cardiac muscle?
What function do gap junctions serve in cardiac muscle cells?
What function do gap junctions serve in cardiac muscle cells?
How does the action potential in cardiac muscle cells differ from that in skeletal muscle cells?
How does the action potential in cardiac muscle cells differ from that in skeletal muscle cells?
What is the primary function of excitable tissues?
What is the primary function of excitable tissues?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with muscle tissue?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with muscle tissue?
What role does the membrane potential play in excitable tissues?
What role does the membrane potential play in excitable tissues?
What triggers the secretion of transmitters in glandular tissues?
What triggers the secretion of transmitters in glandular tissues?
How are muscle tissues classified based on their control?
How are muscle tissues classified based on their control?
What is the role of neurons in nerve tissues?
What is the role of neurons in nerve tissues?
Which property of muscle fibers is activated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold value?
Which property of muscle fibers is activated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold value?
Which statement is true regarding the excitability of tissues?
Which statement is true regarding the excitability of tissues?
What is the main function of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle cells?
What is the main function of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle cells?
What percentage of body mass is composed of skeletal muscle?
What percentage of body mass is composed of skeletal muscle?
Which component is essential for triggering muscular contraction in skeletal muscle?
Which component is essential for triggering muscular contraction in skeletal muscle?
What type of muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
What type of muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
The functional unit of striated muscle is known as what?
The functional unit of striated muscle is known as what?
How are the muscle cells in skeletal muscle characterized in terms of nuclei?
How are the muscle cells in skeletal muscle characterized in terms of nuclei?
Which nerve fibers supply cardiac muscle tissue?
Which nerve fibers supply cardiac muscle tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?
Which structure in the neuron is responsible for the initiation of the axon?
Which structure in the neuron is responsible for the initiation of the axon?
What type of glial cells are responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system?
What type of glial cells are responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system?
What is the main role of microglia in the nervous system?
What is the main role of microglia in the nervous system?
Which of the following correctly describes the direction of anterograde impulse movement?
Which of the following correctly describes the direction of anterograde impulse movement?
What characterizes dendrites in neurons?
What characterizes dendrites in neurons?
Which type of astrocyte is mainly found in gray matter?
Which type of astrocyte is mainly found in gray matter?
What is the definition of a synapse?
What is the definition of a synapse?
What is the primary function of a synapse?
What is the primary function of a synapse?
Which type of synapse allows for the direct exchange of ions between neurons?
Which type of synapse allows for the direct exchange of ions between neurons?
What is contained in the synaptic cleft?
What is contained in the synaptic cleft?
Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter?
In which type of synapse is there often no continuity between neurons?
In which type of synapse is there often no continuity between neurons?
What type of synapse transmits impulses without delay?
What type of synapse transmits impulses without delay?
What type of synapse inhibits the transmission of impulses?
What type of synapse inhibits the transmission of impulses?
What type of synapse is found primarily in the central nervous system?
What type of synapse is found primarily in the central nervous system?
Flashcards
Excitable Tissues
Excitable Tissues
Specialized tissues capable of generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses along their membranes.
Nerve and Muscle Cells
Nerve and Muscle Cells
Cells that can generate and propagate action potentials (APs) to transmit signals.
Action Potential (AP)
Action Potential (AP)
The change in electrical potential across the cell membrane when a cell is stimulated.
Types of Stimuli for Excitation
Types of Stimuli for Excitation
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Neurons in Nerve Tissue
Neurons in Nerve Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
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Excitability
Excitability
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Contractility
Contractility
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What are cardiomyocytes and how are they connected?
What are cardiomyocytes and how are they connected?
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What is automaticity in cardiac muscle?
What is automaticity in cardiac muscle?
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What is the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?
What is the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?
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What is the conducting system in cardiac muscle?
What is the conducting system in cardiac muscle?
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Explain the plateau phase in cardiac muscle action potential.
Explain the plateau phase in cardiac muscle action potential.
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What is Skeletal Muscle?
What is Skeletal Muscle?
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How big is a skeletal muscle cell?
How big is a skeletal muscle cell?
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How are skeletal muscle fibers organized?
How are skeletal muscle fibers organized?
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What connects skeletal muscle to bones?
What connects skeletal muscle to bones?
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Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?
Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?
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What are T-tubules and their function?
What are T-tubules and their function?
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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its role?
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its role?
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What is the sarcomere and its significance?
What is the sarcomere and its significance?
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Neurons
Neurons
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Neuroglia
Neuroglia
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Cell Body (Soma)
Cell Body (Soma)
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What are neurotransmitters?
What are neurotransmitters?
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What is a chemical synapse?
What is a chemical synapse?
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What is an electrical synapse?
What is an electrical synapse?
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What is synaptic delay?
What is synaptic delay?
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What are the functions of the synapse?
What are the functions of the synapse?
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What are excitatory synapses?
What are excitatory synapses?
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What are inhibitory synapses?
What are inhibitory synapses?
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Axon hillock
Axon hillock
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Axon terminals
Axon terminals
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Synapse
Synapse
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
Schwann cells
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Study Notes
Physiology of Exitable Tissues
- Four basic tissue types are connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.
- All animal cells have a membrane potential and specialized electrical properties.
- Exitable tissues can generate and transmit electrochemical impulses along their membrane.
- Impulses are used to transmit signals along cell membranes.
- Nerve and muscle tissues generate and propagate action potentials (APs).
- Excitation of these tissues can be electrical, chemical, or mechanical.
- The human body relies on these tissues to perform vital physiological processes (muscle contraction, nerve conduction, cardiac activity).
Introduction Cont'd
- Nerve tissue contains neurons that carry electrical impulses over long distances.
- Muscle tissue produces mechanical force in response to electrical stimulation (e.g., heart cells) controlling heartbeat rate.
- Contractile muscle fiber activation is triggered when the membrane potential exceeds a threshold value.
- Glandular tissue secretions (transmitters, hormones) are triggered by membrane potential changes.
- Membrane potential in intestinal cells aids in glucose and amino acid uptake.
Brief Description of the Structure of Exitable Tissues: Muscle Tissues
- The human body has more than 600 muscles.
- Muscle tissue is characterized by excitability and contractility, allowing movement.
- Muscle cells are excitable, responding to stimuli.
- Muscle cells are classified by the presence/absence of striations, type of control.
Skeletal Muscle
- Skeletal muscle is associated with bones, forming the skeletal system, comprising 40-50% of body mass.
- It is voluntary and striated, supplied by somatic nerves.
- A typical skeletal muscle cell is about 100µm in diameter.
- Skeletal muscle fibers, in parallel arrangements, are anchored to tendons.
- Myocytes (muscle cells) arise from mesoderm, with relatively constant numbers throughout life.
- Skeletal muscle tissue is arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue.
- Under a light microscope, muscle cells appear striated with multiple nuclei along the membranes.
- Striations result from the regular alternation of contractile proteins actin and myosin, along with supportive proteins coupling to connective tissues.
Cytology of Muscle Tissues
- Muscle cells are multinucleated, forming from fused myoblasts.
- Sarcolemma (plasma membrane) has deep invaginations called transverse tubules (T-tubules).
- T-tubules are continuous with sarcolemma and allow muscle action potentials to reach deep into the muscle cell.
- Sarcoplasm( Cytoplasm of muscle fibers) includes glycogen, ATP, and myoglobin (oxygen-binding).
- Myofibrils are thread-like structures with a contractile function, enclosed by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
- SR stores calcium ions (Ca2+).
- Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction.
- Sarcomere is a functional unit of striated muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
- Cardiac muscle forms the heart's musculature.
- It is striated and involuntary, supplied by autonomic nerves.
- Contains cardiomyocytes; single cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.
- Striated structure is due to thick myosin and thin actin filaments (similar to skeletal muscle).
- Cardiomyocytes contract on their own intrinsic rhythm.
- Cardiomyocytes connect via intercalated discs (anchoring and gap junctions).
Smooth Muscle
- Smooth muscle is associated with visceral organs.
- It is involuntary and non-striated with spindle-shaped cells containing a single nucleus.
- Supplied by autonomic nerve fibers.
- Responsible for involuntary movements in internal organs (digestive, urinary, reproductive, airways, and blood vessels).
- Contraction is slower than in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
- Less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ is not the direct initiator of cross-bridge cycle in smooth muscle.
- Two types of smooth muscle exist: multi-unit and single-unit smooth muscle.
Synapse
- Synapse is a junction between two neurons, not an anatomical continuation, but a physiological one.
- Impulse transmission through synapse occurs via neurotransmitters.
- Classification of synapse: anatomical (axoaxonic, axodendritic, axosomatic) and functional (electrical, chemical).
- Chemical synapses: Absence of continuity between neurons; neurotransmitter release triggers receptor activation in the next neuron.
- Electrical synapses: physiological continuity between pre- and post-synaptic neurons; direct ion exchange via gap junctions.
Functions of Synapse
- Synapse transmits impulse from one neuron to another; some synapses inhibit transmission.
- Synapse can be categorized as excitatory (transmitting impulses) or inhibitory (inhibiting impulses).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the types of muscle and nervous tissues, their structures, functions, and the electrical activities associated with them. This quiz covers various characteristics of neurons, muscle fibers, and the conduction system in cardiac muscle. Ideal for students studying biology or anatomy.
