Muscle Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following movements are primarily facilitated by the iliopsoas muscle?

  • Flex and extend the arm
  • Flex and rotate the vertebral column
  • Flex and extend the leg
  • Flex and extend the thigh (correct)

    • The erector spinae muscles are part of the anterior abdominal wall.

    False

    Name one primary muscle of respiration.

    Diaphragm

    The muscles that _____ the scapula are responsible for retraction.

    <p>retract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint classification allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle actions with their corresponding movements:

    <p>Flexion = Decreasing the angle between two body parts Extension = Increasing the angle between two body parts Abduction = Moving a limb away from the midline Adduction = Moving a limb towards the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mobility in joints is generally enhanced by increased stability of those joints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscles that _____ the forearm at the elbow joint are known as flexors.

    <p>flex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidneys?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons are located deeper in the kidney compared to juxtamedullary nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the segments of the uterine wall that change during the uterine cycle?

    <p>Endometrium, Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the __________ is to carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

    <p>urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following male reproductive structures with their functions:

    <p>Testes = Produce sperm and testosterone Epididymis = Mature and store sperm Ductus deferens = Transport sperm to the ejaculatory duct Seminal glands = Produce seminal fluid to nourish sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying signals away from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary motor cortex is responsible for processing sensory information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ layer of the meninges is closest to the brain.

    <p>pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the brain structure with its primary function:

    <p>Cerebellum = Coordination of movement Thalamus = Relay sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulation of homeostasis Pituitary gland = Hormonal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Chemical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visceral afferent neurons carry sensory information from visceral organs to the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of matter in the spinal cord, and what are their functions?

    <p>Gray matter processes information, while white matter transmits signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts as an agonist for shoulder flexion?

    <p>Deltoid (anterior)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint provides more mobility than the glenohumeral joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one muscle that acts as an antagonist during elbow flexion.

    <p>Triceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ muscle is primarily responsible for the extension of the hip joint.

    <p>gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscles with their primary actions:

    <p>Biceps brachii = Elbow flexion Quadriceps = Knee extension Gastrocnemius = Plantar flexion Deltoid = Shoulder abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures enhances joint stability?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afferent fibers carry information away from the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the serratus anterior muscle?

    <p>Scapular protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system primarily uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three locations of ganglia for the sympathetic division.

    <p>Sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that helps the body respond to stress is called __________.

    <p>adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cranial nerves with the structures they innervate:

    <p>Cranial Nerve III = Pupil constriction Cranial Nerve VII = Salivary glands Cranial Nerve IX = Parotid gland Cranial Nerve X = Heart and digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating both the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a hormone.

    <p>A chemical messenger produced by glands that regulates physiological activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures comprise the respiratory membrane?

    <p>Alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phrenic nerve is responsible for controlling contraction of the diaphragm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of alveolar cells and their primary functions?

    <p>Type I and Type II cells; Type I cells facilitate gas exchange while Type II cells produce surfactant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs and further divide into smaller bronchioles.

    <p>bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the digestive organs with their primary functions:

    <p>Stomach = Digests food and produces gastric acid Liver = Produces bile and metabolizes nutrients Pancreas = Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones Gallbladder = Stores and concentrates bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pleural membranes?

    <p>Protect the lungs and provide lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic innervation causes bronchodilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscles to Know

    • Flex/extend, lateral flex, and rotate the vertebral column
    • Primary and accessory muscles of respiration
    • Protract/retract and elevate/depress the scapula
    • Flex/extend, AD/AB, medially/laterally rotate the arm at the shoulder joint
    • Flex/extend the forearm at the elbow joint
    • Pronate/supinate the forearm
    • Flex/extend, AB/AD, and medially/laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint
    • Iliopsoas muscle that acts on the vertebral column
    • Flex/extend, medially rotate the leg at the knee joint
    • Muscles that dorsiflex/plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint
    • Axial Muscles
      • State the body regions and muscle actions of muscles mentioned in lecture: anterior neck, posterior neck and back, muscles of respiration, anterior abdominal wall, posterior abdominal wall
      • Recognize primary vs accessory muscles of breathing
      • Recognize special structures of the abdominal muscles
    • Notes:
      • For splenius muscles, erector spinae muscles, and transversospinale muscles, only the group name needs learning rather than individual muscles in the group
    • Joints of the Upper Limb
      • Functionally and structurally classify joints discussed in lecture
      • Explain factors that enhance/detract from stability/mobility of the joints
      • Recognize function of highlighted ligaments
      • FYI: wrist and hand joints will not be on the exam
    • Muscles of the Upper Appendicular Skeleton
      • List muscles that position the pectoral girdle and cause retraction, protraction, elevation, and depression of the scapula
      • For other joints, identify agonists and antagonists for specific actions and general functions of the relevant groups
    • Joints of the Lower Limb
      • Describe key anatomical structures of the pelvic girdle, pelvis, and lower limb
      • Compare and contrast stability and mobility of hip and glenohumeral joints
      • Describe structures that enhance or detract from stability of joints
      • Be able to fully classify joints discussed in lecture
      • List ligaments of each joint with emphasis on stability
    • Muscles of the Lower Limb
      • For each joint in lecture (vertebral column, hip, knee, ankle), define the agonist and antagonist muscles for each action and function
      • Note: questions about foot joints and muscles are not on the exam
    • Nervous System
      • Define ganglia, nerve, synapse, afferent fiber, efferent fiber, sensory neuron, motor neuron, neuroglia
      • Differentiate between the functional and structural divisions of the nervous system
      • Compare the types of tissues/structures innervated by somatic and visceral afferent/efferent neurons
      • State functions, and differentiate between CNS and PNS neuroglia
      • Differentiate between electrical and chemical synapses.
    • Brain and Meninges
      • Know the main functions of: cerebrum, primary motor/sensory cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brain stem, pons, and medulla
      • List supporting structures of the brain and describe how they nourish/protect it
      • State the function of cranial meninges
      • Compare/contrast cranial and spinal meninges
      • Identify the arterial supply to the brain
    • Spinal Cord Tracts
      • Describe the somatic nervous system: main functions, locations, types of sensory receptors, effector organs
      • Relate major components of spinal cord to topics in lecture
      • Recognize afferent and efferent pathways
      • Recall the differences between gray and white matter
      • Compare and contrast general characteristics of sensory and motor tracts
      • For dorsal column and anterior/lateral spinothalamic tracts: Identify type, first/second/third order neuron, site of decussation, synapses
      • For lateral/ventral corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts: Recall the muscles innervated, compare upper/lower motor neuron, state sites of decussation and synapses
      • Relate SCI to sensory/motor tract interruption
      • Recognize pain reflex arc
    • Autonomic Nervous System
      • Describe the autonomic nervous system: three divisions, functions
      • Compare/contrast somatic and autonomic nervous systems in terms of origin, neurons in pathway, effector organs
      • Identify the role of hypothalamus in ANS function
    • Cardiovascular System 2 (Vessels):
      • Outline the path blood takes through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
      • Recall the path blood takes from ulna vein to ulna artery
      • Recall the 3 layers of blood vessels and features of each
      • Describe the function and histology of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium-sized veins, large veins
      • Compare a muscular artery with a muscular vein
      • State the histology of precapillary sphincters
      • State the mechanisms that assist with venous return
    • Heart
      • Trace the path of blood through the heart; categorize structures as systemic or pulmonary and define oxygen content
      • List the layers and spaces of the pericardial sac and function of each
      • List the layers of the heart
      • Recall features and chambers, great vessels, and the valves of the heart. Include open/closed states for valves during systole/diastole
      • Explain the importance of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
      • Where/when does most blood flow into coronary arteries?
      • Define and locate the coronary sinus
      • Define pacemakers cells and their function in the cardiac cycle
      • Recall the conducting pathway of the heart
    • Respiratory System:
      • Distinguish between structures in the upper/lower respiratory tract, and the conducting/respiratory divisions. List respiratory structures in order from mouth/nose to alveoli.
      • Summarize functions of the respiratory system
      • Compare/contrast respiratory epithelium through the tract
      • Identify respiratory defense mechanisms
      • List components of the respiratory tract that contain smooth/connective tissue
      • Define major features of nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli
      • Describe structures/functions of the respiratory membrane/gas exchange
      • Detail the two types of alveolar cells/purposes
      • Describe pleural cavities/membranes
      • Explain receptors that regulate respiration
      • State pulmonary ventilation, eupnea, hyperpnea
      • List primary/accessory respiratory muscles / actions
      • State and know function of vagus nerve, phrenic nerve
      • State location of respiratory centers
      • Summarize sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation on bronchial tree/lungs
    • Digestive System
      • Recall functions of digestive tract organs, highlighting those stated in lecture or significant features
      • Define and describe peristalsis/segmentation
      • Define intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal organs
      • Summarize histological organization of digestive tract layers
      • Describe histology of oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
      • Define salivary glands/4 digestive sphincters
      • Recall location/function of main stomach secretory cells
      • Describe histology of small intestine key cells
      • Describe liver, gallbladder and pancreas key cells/functions
      • Explain hepatic portal system
      • Explain bile production and transport
    • Urinary System
      • List urinary system organs and their functions, list structures that protect the kidney and their histology
      • Relate kidneys to the peritoneum
      • Trace blood flow through the kidney using the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
      • Detail the role of ANS and SNS in urination
      • Describe the nephron and its specific structures, highlighting each structure's histology
      • Compare/contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
      • Recall the structures involved in filtrate/urine production. Define filtration, reabsorption, secretion
      • Relate each structure's function to its structure in the nephron
    • Reproductive System (Female):
      • Recognize that biological sex is not binary
      • State and recall anatomical organization of assigned female anatomy at birth
      • Identify functions of reproductive structures (ovaries, ovarian tubes, uterus, vagina)
      • Differentiate between uterine layers in the uterine cycle
      • Recall which cells/structures produce estrogens/progestins
    • Reproductive System (Male):
      • State functions/histological features of reproductive structures (spermatid cords, testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, bulbo-urethral gland)
      • Recall path sperm takes from formation to ejaculation
      • Recall cells/structures that produce or release testosterone

    Additional Notes

    • The provided text outlines learning outcomes, not complete detailed information for each topic. Thorough understanding requires additional resources.

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