Muscle Anatomy Quiz

Muscles to Know

• Flex/extend, lateral flex, and rotate the vertebral column
• Primary and accessory muscles of respiration
• Protract/retract and elevate/depress the scapula
• Flex/extend, AD/AB, medially/laterally rotate the arm at the shoulder joint
• Flex/extend the forearm at the elbow joint
• Pronate/supinate the forearm
• Flex/extend, AB/AD, and medially/laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint
• Iliopsoas muscle that acts on the vertebral column
• Flex/extend, medially rotate the leg at the knee joint
• Muscles that dorsiflex/plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint
• Axial Muscles
  • State the body regions and muscle actions of muscles mentioned in lecture: anterior neck, posterior neck and back, muscles of respiration, anterior abdominal wall, posterior abdominal wall
  • Recognize primary vs accessory muscles of breathing
  • Recognize special structures of the abdominal muscles
• Notes:
  • For splenius muscles, erector spinae muscles, and transversospinale muscles, only the group name needs learning rather than individual muscles in the group
• Joints of the Upper Limb
  • Functionally and structurally classify joints discussed in lecture
  • Explain factors that enhance/detract from stability/mobility of the joints
  • Recognize function of highlighted ligaments
  • FYI: wrist and hand joints will not be on the exam
• Muscles of the Upper Appendicular Skeleton
  • List muscles that position the pectoral girdle and cause retraction, protraction, elevation, and depression of the scapula
  • For other joints, identify agonists and antagonists for specific actions and general functions of the relevant groups
• Joints of the Lower Limb
  • Describe key anatomical structures of the pelvic girdle, pelvis, and lower limb
  • Compare and contrast stability and mobility of hip and glenohumeral joints
  • Describe structures that enhance or detract from stability of joints
  • Be able to fully classify joints discussed in lecture
  • List ligaments of each joint with emphasis on stability
• Muscles of the Lower Limb
  • For each joint in lecture (vertebral column, hip, knee, ankle), define the agonist and antagonist muscles for each action and function
  • Note: questions about foot joints and muscles are not on the exam
• Nervous System
  • Define ganglia, nerve, synapse, afferent fiber, efferent fiber, sensory neuron, motor neuron, neuroglia
  • Differentiate between the functional and structural divisions of the nervous system
  • Compare the types of tissues/structures innervated by somatic and visceral afferent/efferent neurons
  • State functions, and differentiate between CNS and PNS neuroglia
  • Differentiate between electrical and chemical synapses.
• Brain and Meninges
  • Know the main functions of: cerebrum, primary motor/sensory cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brain stem, pons, and medulla
  • List supporting structures of the brain and describe how they nourish/protect it
  • State the function of cranial meninges
  • Compare/contrast cranial and spinal meninges
  • Identify the arterial supply to the brain
• Spinal Cord Tracts
  • Describe the somatic nervous system: main functions, locations, types of sensory receptors, effector organs
  • Relate major components of spinal cord to topics in lecture
  • Recognize afferent and efferent pathways
  • Recall the differences between gray and white matter
  • Compare and contrast general characteristics of sensory and motor tracts
  • For dorsal column and anterior/lateral spinothalamic tracts: Identify type, first/second/third order neuron, site of decussation, synapses
  • For lateral/ventral corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts: Recall the muscles innervated, compare upper/lower motor neuron, state sites of decussation and synapses
  • Relate SCI to sensory/motor tract interruption
  • Recognize pain reflex arc
• Autonomic Nervous System
  • Describe the autonomic nervous system: three divisions, functions
  • Compare/contrast somatic and autonomic nervous systems in terms of origin, neurons in pathway, effector organs
  • Identify the role of hypothalamus in ANS function
• Cardiovascular System 2 (Vessels):
  • Outline the path blood takes through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
  • Recall the path blood takes from ulna vein to ulna artery
  • Recall the 3 layers of blood vessels and features of each
  • Describe the function and histology of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium-sized veins, large veins
  • Compare a muscular artery with a muscular vein
  • State the histology of precapillary sphincters
  • State the mechanisms that assist with venous return
• Heart
  • Trace the path of blood through the heart; categorize structures as systemic or pulmonary and define oxygen content
  • List the layers and spaces of the pericardial sac and function of each
  • List the layers of the heart
  • Recall features and chambers, great vessels, and the valves of the heart. Include open/closed states for valves during systole/diastole
  • Explain the importance of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
  • Where/when does most blood flow into coronary arteries?
  • Define and locate the coronary sinus
  • Define pacemakers cells and their function in the cardiac cycle
  • Recall the conducting pathway of the heart
• Respiratory System:
  • Distinguish between structures in the upper/lower respiratory tract, and the conducting/respiratory divisions. List respiratory structures in order from mouth/nose to alveoli.
  • Summarize functions of the respiratory system
  • Compare/contrast respiratory epithelium through the tract
  • Identify respiratory defense mechanisms
  • List components of the respiratory tract that contain smooth/connective tissue
  • Define major features of nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli
  • Describe structures/functions of the respiratory membrane/gas exchange
  • Detail the two types of alveolar cells/purposes
  • Describe pleural cavities/membranes
  • Explain receptors that regulate respiration
  • State pulmonary ventilation, eupnea, hyperpnea
  • List primary/accessory respiratory muscles / actions
  • State and know function of vagus nerve, phrenic nerve
  • State location of respiratory centers
  • Summarize sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation on bronchial tree/lungs
• Digestive System
  • Recall functions of digestive tract organs, highlighting those stated in lecture or significant features
  • Define and describe peristalsis/segmentation
  • Define intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal organs
  • Summarize histological organization of digestive tract layers
  • Describe histology of oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
  • Define salivary glands/4 digestive sphincters
  • Recall location/function of main stomach secretory cells
  • Describe histology of small intestine key cells
  • Describe liver, gallbladder and pancreas key cells/functions
  • Explain hepatic portal system
  • Explain bile production and transport
• Urinary System
  • List urinary system organs and their functions, list structures that protect the kidney and their histology
  • Relate kidneys to the peritoneum
  • Trace blood flow through the kidney using the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
  • Detail the role of ANS and SNS in urination
  • Describe the nephron and its specific structures, highlighting each structure's histology
  • Compare/contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
  • Recall the structures involved in filtrate/urine production. Define filtration, reabsorption, secretion
  • Relate each structure's function to its structure in the nephron
• Reproductive System (Female):
  • Recognize that biological sex is not binary
  • State and recall anatomical organization of assigned female anatomy at birth
  • Identify functions of reproductive structures (ovaries, ovarian tubes, uterus, vagina)
  • Differentiate between uterine layers in the uterine cycle
  • Recall which cells/structures produce estrogens/progestins
• Reproductive System (Male):
  • State functions/histological features of reproductive structures (spermatid cords, testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, bulbo-urethral gland)
  • Recall path sperm takes from formation to ejaculation
  • Recall cells/structures that produce or release testosterone

Additional Notes

• The provided text outlines learning outcomes, not complete detailed information for each topic. Thorough understanding requires additional resources.

Test your knowledge on the major muscle groups and their functions in the human body. This quiz covers muscle actions including flexion, extension, and rotation, as well as respiration and regional anatomy. Ideal for anatomy students and enthusiasts alike.