Muscle Anatomy Quiz: Eye, Mastication, Tongue

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the superior obliques in eye movement?

Raises the upper eyelids

Moves the eyeballs inferiorly and laterally (correct)

Moves the eyeballs superiorly and laterally

Closes the eyes

Which muscle is considered the strongest muscle of mastication?

Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid

Masseter (correct)

Temporalis

What is the role of the lateral pterygoid muscles in mastication?

They raise the upper eyelids

They assist in chewing food

They protract the mandible (correct)

They close the jaw

Which muscles are primarily responsible for the strength of the bite during mastication?

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

Raises the upper eyelids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles assists in moving the mandible side to side?

Lateral pterygoid Signup and view all the answers

What do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles primarily assist with during mastication?

Moving the mandible from side to side Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic is used to remember the muscles of mastication?

Teeny Mice Make Petite Little Prints Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when muscular tissue generates heat during contraction?

Thermogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the heart's ability to initiate its own contractions?

Autorhythmicity Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer completely surrounds and encases the entire muscle?

Epimysium Signup and view all the answers

Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue pulls the tongue upward and backward?

Styloglossus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perimysium within skeletal muscles?

To separate groups of muscle fibers into bundles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Alter the shape and size of the tongue Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer is primarily composed of reticular fibers?

Endomysium Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle of the tongue is responsible for pulling the tongue downward and flattening it?

Hyoglossus Signup and view all the answers

What role does the tongue play in digestion?

Detection of taste and aiding in mastication Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group in the anterior neck assists in deglutition by elevating the hyoid bone?

Suprahyoid Signup and view all the answers

Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue assists with speech by altering its shape?

Superior longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What movements are primarily facilitated by the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Movements in various directions such as anteriorly and laterally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the infrahyoid muscles during swallowing?

Stabilize the hyoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle elevates and draws the hyoid bone posteriorly?

Stylohyoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

The digastric muscle has a synergistic action with which other muscle for mouth opening?

Lateral pterygoid Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles includes omohyoid, sternohyoid, and thyrohyoid?

Infrahyoid muscles Signup and view all the answers

How do scapular movements affect the movement of the humerus?

They increase the range of motion of the humerus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mylohyoid muscle during swallowing?

Press the tongue against the roof of the oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is enabled by the contraction of the geniohyoid muscle?

Widening the throat for swallowing Signup and view all the answers

During abduction of the humerus, what follows the humeral movement?

Rotating the scapula upward Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific study of muscles called?

Myology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of muscle tissue is involuntary and nonstriated?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which function does muscular tissue NOT contribute to?

Generating nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of food through the digestive canal propelled by muscle contractions?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle is incorrect?

It functions in breathing without conscious thought. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of muscular tissue?

Generating blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by striations?

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What role do sphincters play in the muscular system?

They store and move substances within the body. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eye Muscles

Superior and inferior oblique muscles move the eyeballs inferiorly and laterally, and superiorly and laterally respectively.
Levator palpebrae superioris raises the upper eyelids, opening the eyes. It is an antagonist to the orbicularis oculi, which closes the eyes.

Muscles of Mastication

The muscles that move the mandible (lower jawbone) at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are known as the muscles of mastication.
Masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid are powerful jaw closers, contributing to bite strength. The masseter is specifically the strongest muscle of mastication.
Lateral pterygoid muscles move the mandible from side to side for grinding food and also protrude (move forward) the mandible.
A mnemonic for remembering the muscles of mastication: Teeny Mice Make Petite Little Prints = Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, and Lateral Pterygoid.

Tongue Muscles

The tongue is vital for digestion (mastication, taste, deglutition) and speech.
The tongue's mobility is aided by its attachment to the mandible, styloid process of the temporal bone, and hyoid bone.
Extrinsic muscles originate outside the tongue and attach to it, moving the entire tongue in various directions. These include:
- Genioglossus: pulls tongue downward and forward (origin: mandible)
- Styloglossus: pulls tongue upward and backward (origin: styloid process)
- Hyoglossus: pulls tongue downward and flattens it (origin: hyoid bone)
- Palatoglossus: raises the back portion of the tongue (origin: soft palate)
Intrinsic tongue muscles originate and insert within the tongue, altering its shape rather than moving the entire tongue.

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Two groups of muscles are associated with the anterior aspect of the neck:
- Suprahyoid muscles: elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, and tongue during deglutition (swallowing).
- Infrahyoid muscles: depress the hyoid bone and some move the larynx during swallowing and speech.
Both groups stabilize the hyoid bone, which serves as a base for tongue movement.

Suprahyoid Muscles:

Anterior and Posterior Digastric:
- Joined by an intermediate tendon held on the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop
- Elevates the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech
- Depresses the mandible when the hyoid is stabilized, synergistically with the lateral pterygoid in opening the mouth.
Stylohyoid muscle: Elevates and draws the hyoid bone posteriorly, elongating the floor of the oral cavity during swallowing.
Mylohyoid muscle: Elevates the hyoid bone and helps press the tongue against the roof of the oral cavity during swallowing to move food into the throat.
Geniohyoid muscle: Elevates and draws the hyoid bone anteriorly, shortening the floor of the oral cavity, widening the throat to receive food during swallowing. It also depresses the mandible.

Infrahyoid Muscles:

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, and Thyrohyoid muscles depress the hyoid bone.

Muscles of the Thorax: Pectoral Girdle

Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) primarily stabilize the scapula to provide a stable base for humerus movement.
Because scapular movements often accompany humeral movements, muscles also move the scapula to increase the humerus' range of motion.
This is essential for actions like raising the arm above the head, as the scapula rotates upward alongside the humerus during abduction. This is known as scapulohumeral rhythm.

Muscles of the Arm: Muscular System Overview

Myology is the scientific study of muscles.
Muscular tissue contributes to homeostasis through:
- Producing body movements: skeletal muscles, bones, and joints work together.
- Stabilizing body positions: muscle contractions stabilize joints and maintain postures, with postural muscles contracting continuously without conscious control. (Ex: Diaphragm)
- Storing and moving substances: smooth muscle sphincters control storage, and smooth muscle propels substances (Ex: food through the digestive canal).
- Generating Heat: muscle contractions produce heat (thermogenesis), with shivering being an example of this.

Types of Muscular Tissue:

Skeletal Muscle:
- Moves bones of the skeleton.
- Mostly voluntary, controlled by the somatic (voluntary) nervous system.
- Can also be controlled subconsciously to some extent (Ex: maintaining posture).
Cardiac Muscle:
- Found only in the heart wall.
- Involuntary, with contraction and relaxation initiated by the heart's natural pacemaker (autorhythmicity).
Smooth Muscle:
- Located in walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways, organs), and skin (attached to hair follicles).
- Appears nonstriated under a microscope (unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle).
- Usually involuntary (Ex: propelling food through the digestive canal).
- Demonstrates autorhythmicity. Peristalsis is the rhythmic, wave-like motion that smooth muscles use to move substances through hollow organs.

Three Layers of Connective Tissue in Skeletal Muscle

These layers extend from the fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscle:
- Epimysium (epi- = upon): outer layer encircling the entire muscle; dense irregular connective tissue.
- Perimysium (peri- = around): dense irregular connective tissue surrounding groups of muscle fibers (fascicles).
- Endomysium (endo- = within): mainly reticular fibers, penetrating muscle fascicles to separate individual muscle fibers.
All three layers are continuous with connective tissue attaching muscles to other structures (bone, other muscle). They can extend as tendons to attach muscle to bone.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of eye muscles, muscles of mastication, and tongue muscles. Explore the roles each muscle plays in movements such as chewing and eye movement. Enhance your understanding of human anatomy with this focused quiz!