Podcast
Questions and Answers
What proportion of the nerve trunk is made up of motor fibers?
What proportion of the nerve trunk is made up of motor fibers?
- 80%
- 70%
- 50%
- 60% (correct)
What is the primary consequence of losing motor innervation to a muscle?
What is the primary consequence of losing motor innervation to a muscle?
- Improved muscle coordination
- Rapid muscle fiber degeneration (correct)
- Increase in muscle size
- Enhanced muscle strength
What causes disuse (physiologic) atrophy in muscles?
What causes disuse (physiologic) atrophy in muscles?
- Genetic predisposition to weak muscles
- Excessive physical activity
- Injury leading to immobilization
- Not using the muscles enough (correct)
Which type of fibers does the nerve trunk NOT primarily contain?
Which type of fibers does the nerve trunk NOT primarily contain?
What is the role of atrophy-related signaling upon muscle denervation?
What is the role of atrophy-related signaling upon muscle denervation?
What is a significant effect of disuse atrophy on muscle tissue?
What is a significant effect of disuse atrophy on muscle tissue?
Which anatomical aspect should be emphasized for understanding muscle innervation?
Which anatomical aspect should be emphasized for understanding muscle innervation?
What physiological response occurs when muscles are not used adequately?
What physiological response occurs when muscles are not used adequately?
Which muscle name indicates it has two origins?
Which muscle name indicates it has two origins?
Which of the following names reflects the size of the muscle?
Which of the following names reflects the size of the muscle?
Which muscle is named for indicating its shape?
Which muscle is named for indicating its shape?
Which of the following muscles is characterized as having four origins?
Which of the following muscles is characterized as having four origins?
Which anatomical naming convention relates to the attachment point of a muscle?
Which anatomical naming convention relates to the attachment point of a muscle?
Identify the muscle name that is derived from its direction of fibers.
Identify the muscle name that is derived from its direction of fibers.
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the smallest muscle?
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the smallest muscle?
What term refers to a muscle being named for its location under another structure?
What term refers to a muscle being named for its location under another structure?
What is referred to as the prime mover in muscle mechanics?
What is referred to as the prime mover in muscle mechanics?
Which muscle acts as the antagonist during elbow flexion?
Which muscle acts as the antagonist during elbow flexion?
What role do synergist muscles play in muscle movements?
What role do synergist muscles play in muscle movements?
What is the correct anatomical classification of the 'origin' of a muscle?
What is the correct anatomical classification of the 'origin' of a muscle?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between biceps and triceps during elbow extension?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between biceps and triceps during elbow extension?
What is one of the main functions of muscle contraction besides movement?
What is one of the main functions of muscle contraction besides movement?
Which of the following muscles can be a prime mover during actions like squatting?
Which of the following muscles can be a prime mover during actions like squatting?
What is the definition of the 'belly' of a muscle?
What is the definition of the 'belly' of a muscle?
Which term describes muscle fibers that run at an angle?
Which term describes muscle fibers that run at an angle?
What is the meaning of the prefix 'latissimus' in anatomical terms?
What is the meaning of the prefix 'latissimus' in anatomical terms?
In anatomical terminology, which prefix indicates a muscle that is considered short?
In anatomical terminology, which prefix indicates a muscle that is considered short?
Which of the following terms means 'away from' in anatomical terminology?
Which of the following terms means 'away from' in anatomical terminology?
Which of the following terms translates to 'straight' in the context of muscle fibers?
Which of the following terms translates to 'straight' in the context of muscle fibers?
What does the suffix 'minimus' denote in anatomically named muscles?
What does the suffix 'minimus' denote in anatomically named muscles?
Which prefix indicates 'many' when describing anatomical structures?
Which prefix indicates 'many' when describing anatomical structures?
What does the prefix 'medius' refer to in muscle nomenclature?
What does the prefix 'medius' refer to in muscle nomenclature?
What does the term 'transverse' specifically refer to in relation to sensation?
What does the term 'transverse' specifically refer to in relation to sensation?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to voluntarily move the lower parts of the body?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to voluntarily move the lower parts of the body?
What is the primary cause of cases of paraplegia in hospital settings?
What is the primary cause of cases of paraplegia in hospital settings?
What advice was given regarding exercise in relation to studying?
What advice was given regarding exercise in relation to studying?
What is the recommended approach before studying abnormalities in medical conditions?
What is the recommended approach before studying abnormalities in medical conditions?
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Study Notes
Prime Movers
- Prime mover (agonist): Chief muscle responsible for specific movement (e.g., triceps for forearm extension).
- Biceps brachii: Prime mover for elbow flexion; triceps become antagonists in this action.
Muscle Anatomy
- Origin: Stable attachment point, more proximal part of the muscle.
- Insertion: Mobile attachment point, more distal part of the muscle.
- Belly: Fleshy, central part of the muscle.
Functions of Muscles
- Movement: Facilitates bodily motion.
- Heat Generation: Muscle contractions produce heat as a byproduct of metabolism.
- Shape and Contour: Influences physical appearance of the body.
Antagonists and Synergists
- Antagonist: Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover (e.g., biceps vs. triceps during elbow movements).
- Synergists: Muscles that assist prime movers in their action.
Muscle Innervation and Nerve Supply
- Mixed nerve trunk: Comprises 60% motor fibers and 40% sensory fibers, includes sympathetic fibers.
- Importance of nerve supply for muscle function and response.
Disuse Atrophy
- Caused by insufficient muscle use; leads to fiber degeneration and reduced muscle strength and size.
- Body conserves energy by breaking down unused muscle fibers.
Muscle Classification
- Number of Heads: Name reflects number of muscle origins (e.g., biceps = two, triceps = three, quadriceps = four).
- Attachments: Named for their attachments (e.g., sternocleidomastoid connects sternum and clavicle).
- Size: Influenced by naming conventions (e.g., gluteus maximus, medius, minimus).
Muscle Structure
- Depth: Reflects attachment particulars and location in the body.
- Shape: Names may describe morphology (e.g., deltoid = triangular).
- Direction of Fibers: Terminology reflects fiber orientation (e.g., rectus = straight, oblique = angled).
Naming Conventions
- Combinations: Names may result from combining attributes (e.g., flexor digitorum longus).
- Latin Roots: Significant in anatomical naming (e.g., rectus = straight, multi = many).
Neurological Impact
- Paraplegia: Inability to move lower body, often due to spinal cord injury from accidents.
Study Tips
- Memorize anatomical terms, muscle innervations, and functions.
- Review upper and lower extremity muscles; understand implications of disuse and denervation.
- Exercise importance: Crucial for physical health and stress relief.
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