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Questions and Answers
What characterizes phasic muscle activation?
What characterizes phasic muscle activation?
- Long duration with gradual change
- Short bursts of activity (correct)
- Consistent activation over time
- Steady contraction regardless of movement
What is a basic feature of the triphasic EMG pattern observed in movements?
What is a basic feature of the triphasic EMG pattern observed in movements?
- Slow and consistent activation
- Symmetrical amplitude and timing
- Bell-shaped velocity profile (correct)
- Continuous muscle engagement
Which factors influence the symmetry of movement according to the AG/ANT relationship?
Which factors influence the symmetry of movement according to the AG/ANT relationship?
- Timing and contraction type
- Timing and amplitude of activation (correct)
- Environmental factors and muscle size
- Velocity and muscle fatigue
What effect does an increase in AG activation have on maximum velocity?
What effect does an increase in AG activation have on maximum velocity?
How have muscles evolved to adapt to the demands of multi-joint movements?
How have muscles evolved to adapt to the demands of multi-joint movements?
Which statement best describes tonic muscle activation?
Which statement best describes tonic muscle activation?
What effect does delaying antagonist (ANT) activation have on acceleration?
What effect does delaying antagonist (ANT) activation have on acceleration?
What is the main reason for movements exhibiting a bell-shaped pattern?
What is the main reason for movements exhibiting a bell-shaped pattern?
What does the term 'symmetry of movement' refer to?
What does the term 'symmetry of movement' refer to?
How does the central nervous system (CNS) produce symmetry during movement?
How does the central nervous system (CNS) produce symmetry during movement?
What is the first phase in the triphasic pattern for simple arm movements?
What is the first phase in the triphasic pattern for simple arm movements?
The phase-plane paradigm was used to manipulate which aspect of arm movements?
The phase-plane paradigm was used to manipulate which aspect of arm movements?
What does the AG2 phase primarily control in the triphasic pattern?
What does the AG2 phase primarily control in the triphasic pattern?
Which characteristic had a very tight relationship when studied in the two subjects during the phase-plane experiment?
Which characteristic had a very tight relationship when studied in the two subjects during the phase-plane experiment?
In the study, what was the second phase of the triphasic pattern referred to as?
In the study, what was the second phase of the triphasic pattern referred to as?
What does 'SR' stand for in the context of the phase-plane experiment?
What does 'SR' stand for in the context of the phase-plane experiment?
Which of the following was NOT explicitly mentioned as a measured characteristic in the study?
Which of the following was NOT explicitly mentioned as a measured characteristic in the study?
What relationship was primarily examined among the distribution of the three characteristics?
What relationship was primarily examined among the distribution of the three characteristics?
Which term refers to the phase responsible for controlling oscillations in the triphasic pattern?
Which term refers to the phase responsible for controlling oscillations in the triphasic pattern?
What experimental manipulation technique was employed to study simple arm movements?
What experimental manipulation technique was employed to study simple arm movements?
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Study Notes
Muscle Activation
- There are two types of muscle activation: tonic and phasic
- Tonic activation is characterized by a long duration and a slow rate of change
- Phasic activation is characterized by short bursts of activity
Phasic Activation - Triphasic Pattern
- The text uses the example of wrist flexion and extension to illustrate phasic muscle activation
- The triphasic pattern involves three phases of muscle activation: agonist (AG), antagonist (ANT), and agonist (AG)
- The timing and amplitude of the AG and ANT activity influence the symmetry of movement
- Increased AG activation and earlier ANT onset result in shorter acceleration
- Decreased AG activation and delayed ANT onset result in longer acceleration
Cooke and Brown 1990a - Symmetry of Movement
- Cooke and Brown (1990) suggested that simple arm movements follow a bell-shaped pattern
- The triphasic pattern of AG1, ANT1, and AG2 is consistent with this bell-shaped pattern
- AG1 initiates the movement, ANT1 acts as a brake and controls movement, and AG2 provides stretch-reflex damping
- The researchers manipulated different simple reaction time (SR) movements in a phase-plane paradigm
Cooke and Brown 1990a - Results
- The phase-plane paradigm demonstrated a tight relationship between the peak velocity, amplitude, and duration of movements
- The relationship is so strong that the distribution of these three characteristics is nearly identical across subjects
- The research suggests that the CNS controls the symmetry of movement through the triphasic pattern
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