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Questions and Answers
What concept in database normalization theory specifically deals with relationships between attributes?
What concept in database normalization theory specifically deals with relationships between attributes?
In the context of Fourth Normal Form (4NF), what does X need to be in a nontrivial multivalued dependency X ->> Y?
In the context of Fourth Normal Form (4NF), what does X need to be in a nontrivial multivalued dependency X ->> Y?
Which normal form extension primarily addresses transitive dependencies?
Which normal form extension primarily addresses transitive dependencies?
What does Fourth Normal Form (4NF) aim to eliminate from a relation?
What does Fourth Normal Form (4NF) aim to eliminate from a relation?
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By achieving both Third Normal Form (3NF) and Fourth Normal Form (4NF), what can be significantly reduced and improved in a database schema?
By achieving both Third Normal Form (3NF) and Fourth Normal Form (4NF), what can be significantly reduced and improved in a database schema?
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What is the main function of an operating system?
What is the main function of an operating system?
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What is a thread in the context of operating systems?
What is a thread in the context of operating systems?
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How are new threads or child processes created in an operating system?
How are new threads or child processes created in an operating system?
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What is represented by a Process Control Block (PCB) in relation to processes?
What is represented by a Process Control Block (PCB) in relation to processes?
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Why is process scheduling necessary in multiprogramming systems?
Why is process scheduling necessary in multiprogramming systems?
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What is the primary advantage of using threads in a program?
What is the primary advantage of using threads in a program?
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What are the two atomic operations that can be performed on a Semaphore?
What are the two atomic operations that can be performed on a Semaphore?
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What is the main difference between a Counting Semaphore and a Mutex?
What is the main difference between a Counting Semaphore and a Mutex?
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What is one of the necessary conditions for deadlock to occur?
What is one of the necessary conditions for deadlock to occur?
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Which algorithm handles multiple instances of the same resource in deadlock situations?
Which algorithm handles multiple instances of the same resource in deadlock situations?
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What type of interrupt is raised when a running program accesses an unmapped memory page?
What type of interrupt is raised when a running program accesses an unmapped memory page?
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Which page replacement algorithm keeps track of all pages in memory in a queue?
Which page replacement algorithm keeps track of all pages in memory in a queue?
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Study Notes
Multivalued Dependency (MVD) and 4NF
- Multivalued Dependency (MVD) deals with relationships between attributes within a relation
- 4NF ensures a relation is free of redundancy arising from multivalued dependencies
- A relation is in 4NF if and only if, for every nontrivial multivalued dependency X ->> Y, X is a superkey
- 4NF aims to eliminate redundancy caused by non-key attributes that have dependencies on other non-key attributes
- Achieving both 3NF and 4NF reduces redundancy and improves database schema structure and integrity
Process Scheduling
- Objectives of Process Scheduling Algorithm:
- Different Scheduling Algorithms exist
- Process Scheduling is necessary to reduce waste of CPU time in uniprogramming systems like MS-DOS
Synchronization Tools
- A Semaphore is an integer variable accessed only through two atomic operations, wait() and signal()
- There are two types of Semaphores: Counting Semaphore and Mutex
- Mutex provides mutual exclusion, allowing only one thread to work with the entire buffer at a time
Critical Section Problem
- A solution must satisfy three conditions: mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting
- Semaphores can be used to solve the critical section problem
Deadlock
- A situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource
- Deadlock occurs if four conditions hold simultaneously: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait
- Methods for handling deadlock include Banker’s Algorithm
Memory Management
- Techniques allow memory to be shared among multiple processes
- Types of Memory Management: Single Partition Allocation Schemes and Multiple Partition Schemes
- Page Fault: an interrupt raised by the hardware when a running program accesses a memory page not loaded in main/virtual memory
- Page Replacement Algorithms: First In First Out (FIFO) and others
Operating Systems
- The interface between the user and the computer hardware
- Types of Operating System (OS):
- Threads and Processes:
- A thread is a lightweight process and forms the basic unit of CPU utilization
- A process can perform multiple tasks at once by including multiple threads
- A process is a program under execution, represented by a Process Control Block (PCB)
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Description
Learn about Multivalued Dependency (MVD) and the Fourth Normal Form (4NF) in database normalization theory, focusing on relationships between attributes and how 4NF addresses redundancy from multivalued dependencies.
