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Questions and Answers
Where are multiple sclerosis brain lesions most commonly located?
Where are multiple sclerosis brain lesions most commonly located?
What is the characteristic shape of multiple sclerosis brain lesions?
What is the characteristic shape of multiple sclerosis brain lesions?
What is a common feature of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions?
What is a common feature of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions?
Which imaging technique is frequently used to demonstrate multiple sclerosis lesions with contrast enhancement?
Which imaging technique is frequently used to demonstrate multiple sclerosis lesions with contrast enhancement?
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What type of spinal cord lesions are characteristic of multiple sclerosis?
What type of spinal cord lesions are characteristic of multiple sclerosis?
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What defines a relapse in relapsing MS?
What defines a relapse in relapsing MS?
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Which presentation is most commonly associated with Clinically Isolated Syndrome?
Which presentation is most commonly associated with Clinically Isolated Syndrome?
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What is true about typical MS-related acute optic neuritis?
What is true about typical MS-related acute optic neuritis?
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Which of the following statements is correct about primary progressive MS?
Which of the following statements is correct about primary progressive MS?
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Which symptom is least likely to occur in a brain stem syndrome manifestation of MS?
Which symptom is least likely to occur in a brain stem syndrome manifestation of MS?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of acute optic neuritis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of acute optic neuritis?
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The diagnosis of relapsing MS is established when a patient has:
The diagnosis of relapsing MS is established when a patient has:
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What percentage of patients typically have primary progressive MS?
What percentage of patients typically have primary progressive MS?
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What is a significant factor contributing to the increase in multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence?
What is a significant factor contributing to the increase in multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence?
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Which of the following accurately depicts the incidence of MS in relation to genetic factors?
Which of the following accurately depicts the incidence of MS in relation to genetic factors?
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Which environmental trigger is associated with an increased risk of MS?
Which environmental trigger is associated with an increased risk of MS?
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What is the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure and MS risk?
What is the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure and MS risk?
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Which of the following describes the pattern of disability progression in MS over time?
Which of the following describes the pattern of disability progression in MS over time?
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Which statement about the concordance rates in twins reflects the influence of genetic factors on MS?
Which statement about the concordance rates in twins reflects the influence of genetic factors on MS?
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What component of the MS etiology is highlighted by the phrase 'Genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger'?
What component of the MS etiology is highlighted by the phrase 'Genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger'?
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Which of the following lifestyle factors is NOT associated with increasing MS risk?
Which of the following lifestyle factors is NOT associated with increasing MS risk?
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What type of pathology characterizes multiple sclerosis?
What type of pathology characterizes multiple sclerosis?
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At what age range do most patients typically manifest symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
At what age range do most patients typically manifest symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
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What is the male-to-female ratio of multiple sclerosis prevalence?
What is the male-to-female ratio of multiple sclerosis prevalence?
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What triggers the immune attack in multiple sclerosis patients?
What triggers the immune attack in multiple sclerosis patients?
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Which part of the central nervous system is most commonly associated with the plaques seen in multiple sclerosis?
Which part of the central nervous system is most commonly associated with the plaques seen in multiple sclerosis?
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What has been observed about the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in recent years?
What has been observed about the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in recent years?
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What is the typical mean age of onset for multiple sclerosis?
What is the typical mean age of onset for multiple sclerosis?
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What type of disease is multiple sclerosis considered?
What type of disease is multiple sclerosis considered?
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Which of the following is a primary demyelinating disorder that should be considered when diagnosing MS?
Which of the following is a primary demyelinating disorder that should be considered when diagnosing MS?
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What distinguishes Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) spectrum disorder from MS on MRI?
What distinguishes Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) spectrum disorder from MS on MRI?
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Which imaging technique can show lesions in cases of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-associated Demyelination (MOGAD)?
Which imaging technique can show lesions in cases of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-associated Demyelination (MOGAD)?
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Which factor is commonly associated with Behcet's disease?
Which factor is commonly associated with Behcet's disease?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT classified as a primary demyelinating disorder?
Which of the following conditions is NOT classified as a primary demyelinating disorder?
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What type of demyelination is characterized as secondary to systemic diseases?
What type of demyelination is characterized as secondary to systemic diseases?
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What is a common misinterpretation regarding systemic diseases leading to demyelination?
What is a common misinterpretation regarding systemic diseases leading to demyelination?
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Which imaging technique is utilized for evaluating demyelination in conditions like Lyme disease?
Which imaging technique is utilized for evaluating demyelination in conditions like Lyme disease?
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Study Notes
Multiple Sclerosis
- MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
- The disease leads to focal destruction of myelin, axonal damage, and reactive gliosis in the white and gray matter.
- MS is characterized by multifocal demyelinating lesions, these lesions are often referred to as plaques.
MS Pathology
- Plaques are most commonly seen in the spinal cord, optic nerves, brainstem, cerebellum, and periventricular white matter.
MS Pathophysiology
- MS is an immune-mediated disease in which lymphocytes target myelin antigens.
- Lymphocytes penetrate the blood-brain barrier and attack central nervous system myelin, causing inflammation and demyelination.
MS Epidemiology
- MS is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS and is the most common disabling neurological disease to afflict young adults.
- The mean age of onset is approximately 30 years.
- Most patients with MS develop the disease between the ages of 20 and 40.
- Females are more likely to be affected than men (2.5:1).
- There is a clear trend towards increased prevalence over the last few decades.
MS Geographical Distribution
- The prevalence of MS differs by geography with higher prevalence in higher latitudes; the relationship between the prevalence of MS and latitude is referred to as the "latitude effect".
- There is a clear trend showing increased prevalence of MS over the last few decades.
Factors Explaining the Rise in MS Prevalence
- Longer survival.
- Improved diagnosis through imaging and more sensitive diagnostic criteria.
- Actual increase of the disease.
Etiology of MS
- Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MS: genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger.
- Individuals with a family history of MS are at a higher risk for developing the disease.
- The incidence of MS in first-degree relatives is 20-40 times higher than in the general population, suggesting the influence of genetic factors on the disease.
Triggers of MS
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
- Decreased sun exposure/vitamin D deficiency.
- Smoking (active and passive)
- High salt intake.
- High BMI (diet)
- Increased physical and emotional stress.
- Improved hygiene.
- Other viral infections (HPV).
- "Urbanization and western life-style"
EBV Theory
- Exposure to EBV at an early age in children has been linked to reduced incidence of MS, while exposure in the form of infectious mononucleosis later in life (late adolescence) is linked to an increased risk of MS.
MS Disease Course
- Most patients develop relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).
- A smaller percentage of patients have primary progressive MS (PPMS), with or without relapses.
Relapsing-Remitting MS
- Typically characterized by attacks of worsening neurological symptoms known as relapses, followed by periods of stabilization or partial recovery.
Diagnosis of Relapsing MS
- Diagnosis of relapsing MS is made when a patient exhibits typical inflammatory neurologic episodes (relapses) disseminated in time and space.
- Relapses are defined as new or worsening neurologic symptoms that occur in the absence of fever or infection, last over 24 hours, and are preceded by 30 days of relative neurologic stability
- No alternative explanation for the episodes
Clinically Isolated Syndrome
- The first clinical presentation of MS.
- This usually involves optic neuritis, partial myelitis, or brainstem syndrome.
- Less commonly, a hemispheric presentation or multifocal syndrome.
Common Relapses
- Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve).
- Spinal cord lesions: Numbness/tingling, Hemi or paraparesis, Bowel/bladder dysfunction, Lhermitte's sign.
- Brainstem lesions: Diplopia/ Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, Dizziness/vertigo, Trigeminal neuralgia.
Typical MS-related Acute Optic Neuritis
- Unilateral.
- Onset over a few days to 2 weeks.
- Classic triad of symptoms: visual loss, periocular pain especially when moving the eye, and dyschromatopsia.
- Visual acuity- variable (not very severe)
- Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)
- Red desaturation
- Central visual loss (scotoma)
- Good recovery >90% starting within 2-3 weeks
- Normal OD in 70%
Brainstem/Cerebellar Manifestations
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
- Ataxia and multidirectional nystagmus.
- Sixth nerve palsy.
MS Brain Lesion Characteristics
- Typically ovoid in shape.
- Larger than punctate.
- Typically located in the periventricular, juxtacortical, and infratentorial regions.
- Lesions are often random and asymmetric.
- Tissue destruction can be variable.
- Contrast enhancement on MRI is frequent.
MS Spinal Cord Lesion Characteristics
- Cigar shaped (in sagittal plane)
- Extension < 2 vertebral bodies in length and < 1½ spinal cord diameter
- Eccentric location
- Mass effect rare
- Cervical cord and posterior columns preferentially affected
- No incidental age-related / vascular spinal cord lesions
Differential Diagnosis
- Excluding diseases that can mimic MS clinically or radiologically is very important.
- Other primary demyelinating disorders should be considered:
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
- Neuromyelitis Optica/NMO spectrum disorder (Devic's disease)
- Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-associated Demyelination (MOGAD)
ADEM
- An immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and is, unlike MS, usually a monophasic illness.
NMOSD
- A severe autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord in NMO.
- Patients with NMO often have lesions in the area postrema of the brainstem.
MOGAD
- An autoimmune disorder that can affect the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord.
- Often presents with similar symptoms to MS.
Demyelination Secondary to Systemic Diseases
- Non-specific Age-related WM changes
- Small vessel disease
- Migraine
- Vasculitis (SLE, APLA syndrome, Sjogren's, Behcet's)
- Infection (Lyme disease)
- Sarcoidosis, Susac's syndrome
- B12 deficiency/ Hyperhomocystine
Behcet's Disease
- A multi-system recurrent inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology.
- Strongly associated with HLA-B51 haplotype.
- Variable vessel vasculitis (VVV).
- Can affect vessels of any size.
- Also called the "Silk Road Disease"
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Description
Explore the intricate details of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. This quiz covers the pathology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of MS, including its impact on young adults. Test your knowledge and gain a deeper understanding of this condition.
