33 Questions
Which type of Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by steadily worsening symptoms without remission?
PPMS (primary progressive)
Where do scars (lesions/plaques) commonly accumulate in Multiple Sclerosis?
White matter of the brain
Why is it often hard to diagnose Multiple Sclerosis early in the disease onset?
Because MS is largely idiopathic
What is the most common onset age for Multiple Sclerosis?
20 - 40 years
Which risk factor is known to be causally linked to Multiple Sclerosis?
Exposure to virus (especially Epstein-Barr)
What is the pathological hallmark to look for in the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
White matter on MRI
What is the primary route of entry for activated T-cells and B-cells into the CNS during the neuroinflammatory response in Multiple Sclerosis?
Blood circulation from lymph nodes
Which of the following is NOT among the increased levels of chemokines and cytokines during the neuroinflammatory response in Multiple Sclerosis?
Interleukin-7
Which of the following statements about the approved drugs for Multiple Sclerosis treatment is accurate?
Ocrelizumab is not available on PBS and is used to treat PPMS
Which type of cells does Interferon-β (IFN-β) primarily inhibit in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
T-cells
What is the primary mechanism of action of Myelin Basic Protein Mimics in treating MS?
Promoting anti-inflammatory response in macrophages and microglia
What is the pregnancy safety category of Interferon-β (IFN-β)?
Category D
What is the dosing frequency of Interferon-β (IFN-β) in treating MS?
2 – 14 day intervals
Which of the following is a known side effect of Interferon-β (IFN-β) treatment in MS?
Flu-like symptoms
What is the primary mechanism of action of fingolimod in treating RRMS?
Preventing lymphocytes from leaving secondary lymphoid organs
What are the potential side effects of fingolimod treatment?
Bradycardia, atrio-ventricular block, opportunistic infections, cutaneous malignancies
How does the efficacy of fingolimod compare to Interferon-β (IFN-β) for reducing relapses in RRMS?
Comparable efficacy to INF-β for reducing relapses, possibly provides some neuroprotection
Which medication for RRMS interferes with pyrimidine synthesis to prevent DNA replication in proliferating B and T-cells?
Teriflunomide
Which medication for RRMS causes an antioxidant response and multiple changes in immune pathway, including increased T- and B-cell apoptosis?
Dimethyl Fumarate
Which medication for RRMS has a pregnancy safety category of X and is associated with side effects such as hair thinning and liver enzyme changes?
Teriflunomide
Which medication for RRMS preferentially depletes peripheral B- and T-cells lymphocytes while preserving other immune cells/blood cells?
Cladribine
Which medication for RRMS is associated with side effects such as opportunistic infections, thyroid autoimmune effects, and malignancies?
Humanized Immunoglobulins
Which medication for RRMS causes a significant reduction in relapse and disease progression but is associated with lymphopenia and a higher risk of severe infections and tumors?
Cladribine
Which medication for RRMS is administered orally in short cycles and is a prodrug that is phosphorylated to an active purine nucleoside analogue?
Cladribine
Which medication for RRMS, when administered by IV every 4 weeks, has been shown to improve relapse rates and reduce the number of new CNS lesions and brain volume loss, but has high efficacy and high risk, with pregnancy safety being unknown?
Humanized Immunoglobulins
Which medication for RRMS targets a cell-surface molecule predominantly found on T and B cells, leading to rapid and long-lasting depletion of these cells by cytolysis?
Alemtuzumab
Which medication for RRMS targets CD20 on B-cells only (not stem cells) and is the only available treatment for PPMS, with a cost of $40 – 50K per year (USD)?
Ocrelizumab
Which medication for RRMS binds to the α4 subunit of integrins on leukocytes to prevent adhesion to endothelial cells, thus preventing lymphocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier?
Natalizumab
What is the primary purpose of AHSCT (autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant) in treating aggressive MS?
To reset the immune system
Which treatment has been shown to have no evidence of helping those with non-active MS?
Stem Cell Treatments
What is the primary reason for the use of NSAIDs in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) according to epidemiological studies?
To reduce AD incidence
What is the primary shared neuroinflammatory pathway between Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and MS?
Migroglial activation
Which type of stem cell treatments for MS remain experimental only?
AHSCT (autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant)
Test your knowledge of multiple sclerosis with this quiz. Explore the chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, its impact on the myelin sheath and axonal conduction, and the three types: RRMS, PPMS, and SPMS.
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