Multiple Myeloma: Definition and Risk Factors
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Questions and Answers

What is multiple myeloma?

  • A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells
  • A type of cancer that affects the liver
  • A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow (correct)
  • A type of cancer that affects the red blood cells
  • What is the most common age group affected by multiple myeloma?

  • People between 40-65 years old
  • People under 20 years old
  • People over 65 years old (correct)
  • People under 40 years old
  • Which of the following is a risk factor for multiple myeloma?

  • Family history of diabetes
  • History of heart disease
  • History of obesity
  • Family history of multiple myeloma (correct)
  • What is a common symptom of multiple myeloma?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a bone marrow biopsy in diagnosing multiple myeloma?

    <p>To examine the bone marrow cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of treatment for multiple myeloma?

    <p>To control the growth of cancer cells, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the staging system commonly used for multiple myeloma?

    <p>International Staging System (ISS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for multiple myeloma?

    <p>Targeted therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition and Overview

    • Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
    • It is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cell, characterized by the abnormal growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
    • Also known as Kahler's disease or myelomatosis.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified:
      • Age: most common in people over 65 years old
      • Family history: having a family member with multiple myeloma
      • Radiation exposure
      • Certain medical conditions: MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), solitary plasmacytoma
      • Genetic syndromes: familial multiple myeloma

    Symptoms

    • Often asymptomatic in early stages, but may include:
      • Bone pain or weakness
      • Anemia (low red blood cell count)
      • Fatigue
      • Recurring infections
      • Kidney damage or failure
      • Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels)
      • Numbness or weakness in the legs

    Diagnosis

    • Diagnostic tests:
      • Blood tests: complete blood count (CBC), serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation
      • Urine tests: urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)
      • Bone marrow biopsy: examination of bone marrow cells
      • Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans

    Staging

    • International Staging System (ISS) is commonly used:
      • Stage I: low beta-2 microglobulin and low albumin levels
      • Stage II: neither stage I nor stage III
      • Stage III: high beta-2 microglobulin and low albumin levels

    Treatment

    • Treatment options:
      • Chemotherapy
      • Targeted therapy: proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs
      • Stem cell transplantation: autologous or allogenic
      • Supportive care: managing symptoms and complications
    • Treatment goals: control the growth of cancer cells, manage symptoms, improve quality of life

    Prognosis

    • The prognosis varies depending on the stage and response to treatment.
    • Median survival time: around 5-7 years, but can range from a few months to over 10 years.

    Definition and Overview

    • Multiple myeloma is a cancer that affects bone marrow plasma cells.
    • It is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cell, characterized by abnormal plasma cell growth in the bone marrow.
    • Also known as Kahler's disease or myelomatosis.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Age: most common in people over 65 years old.
    • Family history: having a family member with multiple myeloma increases risk.
    • Radiation exposure is a risk factor.
    • Certain medical conditions increase risk: MGUS, solitary plasmacytoma.
    • Genetic syndromes: familial multiple myeloma.

    Symptoms

    • Often asymptomatic in early stages.
    • Bone pain or weakness is a common symptom.
    • Anemia (low red blood cell count) can occur.
    • Fatigue is a common symptom.
    • Recurring infections can occur.
    • Kidney damage or failure can occur.
    • Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) can occur.
    • Numbness or weakness in the legs can occur.

    Diagnosis

    • Diagnostic tests include blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging tests.
    • Blood tests: complete blood count (CBC), serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation.
    • Urine tests: urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP).
    • Bone marrow biopsy examines bone marrow cells.
    • Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans.

    Staging

    • International Staging System (ISS) is commonly used.
    • Stage I: low beta-2 microglobulin and low albumin levels.
    • Stage II: neither stage I nor stage III.
    • Stage III: high beta-2 microglobulin and low albumin levels.

    Treatment

    • Treatment options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, and supportive care.
    • Chemotherapy is used to control cancer cell growth.
    • Targeted therapy: proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs.
    • Stem cell transplantation: autologous or allogenic.
    • Supportive care manages symptoms and complications.
    • Treatment goals: control cancer cell growth, manage symptoms, improve quality of life.

    Prognosis

    • Prognosis varies depending on stage and response to treatment.
    • Median survival time: around 5-7 years.
    • Survival time can range from a few months to over 10 years.

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    Description

    Learn about multiple myeloma, a type of cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow, and its risk factors, including age and family history.

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