T1 L11: Mucosal Immunology 2 (FK)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the main function of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)?

  • To collect lymph, cells, and antigens from the intestinal mucosa (correct)
  • To attach the gut to the posterior abdominal wall
  • To induce oral tolerance
  • To serve as training centers for immune cells

    • What is the definition of oral tolerance?

  • The collection of lymph, cells, and antigens from the intestinal mucosa
  • The attachment of the gut to the posterior abdominal wall
  • The avoidance of an immune response to foodstuffs and other matter (correct)
  • The induction of immune response to foodstuffs and other matter

    • Which of the following is NOT a location of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)?

  • Sigmoid nodes
  • Terminal ileum
  • Pancreas (correct)
  • Superior mesenteric nodes

    • Which of the following is considered an organ in its own right since 2012?

    <p>Mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main site for oral tolerance induction?

    <p>Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)?

    <p>Attaching the gut to the posterior abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is the main immunoglobulin secreted in the gut mucosa?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of commensal gut flora in IgA responses?

    <p>Inducing low affinity IgA responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antigen-primed B-cells and T-cells reach the gut mucosa?

    <p>Via the blood stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which antigen-primed B and T-cells enter the gut mucosa called?

    <p>Homing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Vitamin A in the 'homing' patterns of naïve B and T-cells?

    <p>Imprinting the 'homing' patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides Peyer's patches, which lymph nodes play a major role as induction sites in the gut mucosa?

    <p>Mesenterial lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is the main antibody found in secretions?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Poly-Ig receptor?

    <p>It allows IgA binding to the basolateral surface of gut endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of secreted IgM?

    <p>Its role is not entirely clear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason that ligation of TLRs on the basolateral surface of gut epithelial cells does not trigger inflammation?

    <p>The TLRs are not activated by antigens in the gut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gut homing of B- and T-cells mean?

    <p>The cells are instructed to return to the gut after being primed in other tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR9 and increased expression of integrin α4β7 on primed T-cells and B-cells?

    <p>Retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Mesenteric Lymph Nodes (MLN)?

    <p>MLN drain lymph from intestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for maintaining food tolerance and protecting against microbes/microbial products in the portal vein?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the features of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of T-cells are found in the Lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NKG2D receptor expressed on T-cells in the gut?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cytokines are produced by T regulatory (Treg) cells in response to harmless commensals?

    <p>IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of mucosal immunity in regards to infections?

    <p>Mucosal immunity is the primary defense mechanism against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Peyer's patches and 'M cells' in the gut?

    <p>Peyer's patches and 'M cells' are involved in immune surveillance and antigen sampling in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of T-cell and B-cell effector mechanisms in the gut?

    <p>T-cell and B-cell effector mechanisms play a crucial role in the immune response in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tolerance to food antigens achieved in the gut?

    <p>Tolerance to food antigens is achieved through a complex process involving various sites, cells, and molecules in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of IELs (Intraepithelial Lymphocytes) in the gut?

    <p>IELs are involved in immune surveillance and defense in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure, role, transport, and location of IgA in the gut?

    <p>IgA is an antibody that plays a crucial role in immune defense at the gut mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cell types is found in higher numbers in the gut compared to the bloodstream?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type has receptors that can interact with non-classical MHC molecules and ligands on other cells?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is associated with autoimmune components in diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is specialized in removing infected epithelial cells in the gut?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells can be activated by intraepithelial T cells in the gut?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of CD8+ T cells in the gut epithelium?

    <p>Kill infected epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules can stressed cells express to be recognized by T cells carrying specific receptors?

    <p>MHC class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the gut?

    <p>Kill stressed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the induction of tolerance in the gut mucosa?

    <p>Tolerance induction is the main function of Peyer's patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune cells in the liver sinuses?

    <p>To capture antigens and prevent their entry into the general circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the liver is severely damaged, such as in an alcoholic?

    <p>Toxins can pass through the liver sinuses and enter the general circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IgA in the gut mucosa?

    <p>To bind to antigens and prevent bacteria from adhering to the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-cell produces interleukin 17 (IL-17)?

    <p>T-helper 17 (Th17) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-regulatory (Treg) cells in regulating immune responses?

    <p>Suppressing immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by Treg cells to establish and maintain tolerance to commensals in the gut?

    <p>Interleukin 10 (IL-10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the gut during HIV infection?

    <p>Depletion of T-regulatory (Treg) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)?

    <p>Induce tolerance to food antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Peyer's patches and 'M cells' in the gut?

    <p>Facilitate the uptake of antigens from the gut lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of IELs (Intraepithelial Lymphocytes) in the gut?

    <p>Protect against pathogens in the gut epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of oral tolerance?

    <p>An avoidance of immune response to food antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)?

    <p>They are responsible for maintaining food tolerance and protecting against microbes/microbial products in the portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lamina propria in the gut?

    <p>It is where the frontline staff of the immune system is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of mucosal immunity in regards to infections?

    <p>Mucosal immunity prevents infections by promoting immune tolerance to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the gut?

    <p>IELs provide immune surveillance and rapidly respond to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible type of antigen that generic cells can be confronted with?

    <p>Bad antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a regulatory T cell in the presence of TGF beta?

    <p>It becomes a tolerated T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a pathogenic antigen and a tolerated antigen?

    <p>Pathogenic antigens activate T cells, while tolerated antigens do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two different ways in which antigen responses can go?

    <p>Pathogenic or commensal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do antigen-primed B and T cells sit in the gut?

    <p>Under the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TGF beta in the transformation of a regulatory T cell?

    <p>To become a tolerated T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

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