Slide 3- Flashcards

ideas around crime and sin were very closely related. a social order dominated by religious notions.

Hobbes; people will come together and give up some of their freedom in exchange for protection from the sovreign.

inherently egoistic and self-interested- the root of all social conflict.

less pessimistic- but also argued for a social contract where freedom would be sacrificed for the protection of rights. he thought people were blank slates, and the state must take action for the good of everyone.

from the late 1600s onward along with the scientific revolution: a shift in ways of thiknig towards reason and scientific methods.

the idea that people were self-determining entities, where free will and rational thought were building blocks of human activity and social organization.

Cesare Baccaria Jeremy Bentham

the justice system overeaches and must be limited to only necessary implications.

1- punishment should be formulated around deterrance 2-punishment should be swift and certain 3-punishment should fit the crime

if you are innocent, then God will be on your side.God is going to decide: a divine judgement and interference that is going to reveal if this person is guilty or not. You are ultimately standing in the eyes of God who will determine the outcome

1- inflexible laws can lead to injsutices 2- Equal treatment is all and well when everyone is equal, but thats not the case.

Punishment is rarely swift and certain And we are not always rational individuals making choices like that.

general= seeks to prevent crime in broader society by showcasing and making an example of those who are punished. Specific: focus on the offender to not recommit more crimes; after they are punished, they wont commit a crime again

it allows for more flexibility and context to and application to laws.

more flexibility in the justice system: individualizing sentences to take into account details such as age, motive, circumstances, etc.

19th century

a scientific approach that believed human behaviour was determined by forces beyond the control of individuals.

darwin and the theory of evolution

for being unscientific and based on unsystematic observations

Lombroso

that the causes of criminal behaviour are rooted in biological makeup, and those who display visible primitive characteristics are predisposed to crime.

they said punishment should fit the criminal rather than the crime (classical) so he called for different treatments for different kinds of criminals

statistic techniques were inadequate state of atavism does not exist physical attritube may have been due to the incarceration (hygiene etc).

the individual.

psychoaalytic theory Social learning theory pyschopathy

aggressive behavior is learned through what we imitate and see.

complex research around viewing aggressive behaviour and actually reinacting it. medias effect on violent behaviour has been overexaggerated.