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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the Shine Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes?
What is the purpose of the Shine Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes?
How many possible combinations of 3 nucleotides are there?
How many possible combinations of 3 nucleotides are there?
What does the correct reading frame depend on?
What does the correct reading frame depend on?
What demonstrates the redundancy of the genetic code?
What demonstrates the redundancy of the genetic code?
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What happens if a nucleotide is accidentally inserted into the middle of a gene?
What happens if a nucleotide is accidentally inserted into the middle of a gene?
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How many amino acids are there?
How many amino acids are there?
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Which of the following is true about translation in prokaryotes?
Which of the following is true about translation in prokaryotes?
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Which step of translation involves the formation of peptide bonds?
Which step of translation involves the formation of peptide bonds?
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Which of the following is true about termination in translation?
Which of the following is true about termination in translation?
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What is the first amino acid added to any polypeptide chain during translation?
What is the first amino acid added to any polypeptide chain during translation?
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Which of the following describes the correct order of translation initiation in eukaryotes?
Which of the following describes the correct order of translation initiation in eukaryotes?
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What is the function of polysomes in protein synthesis?
What is the function of polysomes in protein synthesis?
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What happens after a ribosome has translated enough of the nucleotide sequence to move out of the way?
What happens after a ribosome has translated enough of the nucleotide sequence to move out of the way?
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Why is proper folding of proteins important?
Why is proper folding of proteins important?
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What modification can occur to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum?
What modification can occur to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum?
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How do many antibiotics function in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis?
How do many antibiotics function in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis?
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Which subunit of the ribosome binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence on the mRNA?
Which subunit of the ribosome binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence on the mRNA?
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Where does protein folding occur?
Where does protein folding occur?
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What is the role of Met-tRNAi in protein synthesis?
What is the role of Met-tRNAi in protein synthesis?
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Which step of translation requires an ATPase enzyme?
Which step of translation requires an ATPase enzyme?
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What is the function of Peptidyl transferase?
What is the function of Peptidyl transferase?
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Study Notes
Shine Dalgarno Sequence
- Functions as a ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic mRNA, facilitating translation initiation.
Possible Combinations of Nucleotides
- There are 64 possible combinations of three nucleotides (4 nucleotides raised to the power of 3).
Correct Reading Frame
- The correct reading frame of an mRNA molecule depends on the initial start codon and the position of nucleotide sequences following it.
Redundancy of the Genetic Code
- Demonstrated through multiple codons coding for the same amino acids, allowing for minimal impacts of mutations.
Nucleotide Insertion Effects
- An accidental nucleotide insertion in the middle of a gene can lead to a frameshift mutation, altering downstream amino acid sequences.
Number of Amino Acids
- There are 20 standard amino acids used in protein synthesis.
Translation in Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotic translation can initiate before transcription has finished, allowing simultaneous processes in the cytoplasm.
Peptide Bond Formation
- The step of translation that involves the formation of peptide bonds occurs during the elongation phase.
Termination in Translation
- Translation termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, prompting the release factor to disassemble the translation complex.
First Amino Acid in Translation
- Methionine (Met) is the first amino acid added to any polypeptide chain during translation.
Translation Initiation in Eukaryotes
- The correct order includes the assembly of the small ribosomal subunit, initiation factors, tRNA carrying Methionine, and the large ribosomal subunit.
Function of Polysomes
- Polysomes enhance the efficiency of protein synthesis, allowing multiple ribosomes to translate the same mRNA simultaneously.
Ribosome Movement post-Translation
- After sufficient translation, the ribosome moves and allows the mRNA to be accessed by additional ribosomes for efficient protein synthesis.
Importance of Protein Folding
- Proper folding is crucial for protein functionality, as incorrect folding can lead to loss of activity and potential diseases.
Protein Modifications in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and disulfide bond formation can occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Antibiotic Mechanisms
- Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by targeting ribosomal functions, thereby affecting the translation process.
Ribosomal Subunit Binding
- The small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on the mRNA during initiation of translation.
Protein Folding Location
- Protein folding typically occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum, where chaperones assist in the process.
Role of Met-tRNAi
- Met-tRNAi serves as the initiator tRNA carrying Methionine, key for starting protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
ATPase Enzyme Requirement
- The elongation step of translation requires an ATPase enzyme for the delivery of amino-acyl tRNA to the ribosome.
Function of Peptidyl Transferase
- Peptidyl transferase catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation elongation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on mRNA translation and codons with this quiz! Learn about the process of mRNA export from the nucleus and its subsequent translation into proteins. Explore the relationship between nucleotide codons and amino acids.
