MPharm Programme - Cell Science - Cellular Processes

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Questions and Answers

What effect does a larger mass of the diffusing substance have on its rate of diffusion?

It increases the rate of diffusion.

It decreases the rate of diffusion. (correct)

It causes diffusion to stop completely.

It has no effect on the diffusion rate.

What is required for facilitated diffusion to occur?

Active transport mechanisms.

Energy in the form of ATP.

An increase in temperature.

A carrier protein in the membrane. (correct)

Which of the following factors decreases the rate of diffusion?

Shorter diffusion distance.

Decreased concentration gradient. (correct)

Increased surface area.

Higher temperature.

In simple diffusion, particles move in which direction?

To equalize the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ion channels in facilitated diffusion?

To allow passage of small, inorganic ions that cannot diffuse directly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the charge difference across the plasma membrane?

Membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy from the cell?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor driving the process of diffusion?

Kinetic energy of particles Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

It requires specific receptors on the cell surface Signup and view all the answers

Which type of passive transport specifically involves the movement of water?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary solvent in biological solutions?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is classified as part of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

How is selective permeability significant to cells?

It maintains different concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What does a concentration gradient indicate?

Difference in concentration between two areas of solution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of transport process across cell membranes?

Ion Oscillation Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebrospinal fluid play in the body?

It serves as a cushioning and protective layer for the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following are solutes dissolved?

Solvent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an electrical gradient?

The difference in electrical charges between two regions. Signup and view all the answers

What is released by nerve cells during the process of exocytosis?

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for exocytosis to occur?

Calcium ions (Ca2+) Signup and view all the answers

In which process do vesicles move substances across a cell before releasing them?

Transcytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is typically released from the β-cells of the pancreas?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the synaptic terminal of nerve cells?

Exocytosis of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of exocytic vesicles during exocytosis?

Merging with the plasma membrane and releasing contents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are closely involved in transcytosis during pregnancy?

Endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source required for exocytosis?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein channel opens and closes in response to changes in membrane potential?

Voltage gated channel Signup and view all the answers

What is true about carrier mediated facilitated diffusion?

It involves saturation when the transport maximum is reached. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT typically moved using carrier mediated facilitated diffusion?

Calcium ions Signup and view all the answers

How do water molecules primarily pass through the plasma membrane during osmosis?

By moving through aquaporins or the lipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

What defines a gated ion channel?

It opens and closes in response to specific triggers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

It is a selective process involving specific transporter proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What type of gated channel responds to the binding of a specific molecule?

Ligand gated channel Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about osmosis is correct?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the phosphorylation of the pump protein by ATP?

The protein changes shape, expelling Na+ outside Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary active transport from primary active transport?

Use of an electrochemical gradient as its energy source Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis involves a specific receptor protein recognizing and binding to a particle?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of K+ from the pump protein?

Extracellular K+ binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of exocytosis?

Movement of macromolecules out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of phagocytosis?

It requires energy in the form of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about co-transporters (symporters)?

They move two different substances in the same direction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT a type of endocytosis?

Exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

MPharm Programme - Cell Science - Cellular Process 1 & 2

The lecture covers different transport processes across cell membranes
Passive processes include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Active processes involve the use of energy to move molecules against concentration gradients
Active processes include primary (direct ATP use) and secondary (using electrochemical gradients) active transport
Endocytosis involves the movement of large molecules into the cell
Types of endocytosis include phagocytosis, fluid endocytosis (pinocytosis), and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis involves the movement of large molecules out of the cell
The learning objectives include understanding and explaining different transport processes, how substances are transported across membranes, examples of transport processes in cells, and their application to the nervous system and neurotransmission
Terminology includes intracellular fluid (ICF), extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, solvent, solute, and concentration gradient
Factors influencing diffusion include steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of the substance, surface area, and distance
The electrochemical gradient combines concentration gradient and electrical gradient to affect movement of ions across membranes.
Simple diffusion depends on lipid solubility
Facilitated diffusion involves a carrier protein but not ATP and moves solute down its concentration gradient
Ion channels can be ligand or voltage gated.
Facilitated diffusion involves channel-mediated and carrier-mediated processes.
Example of substances transported through facilitated diffusion through carriers include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Osmosis is a special form of diffusion, specifically the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. Water passes through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion, or through proteins called aquaporins.
Osmolarity is the total solute concentration of a solution
Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume
Various solutions, like isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions, can cause different effects on cells, either shrinking, swelling, or retaining their normal size and shape due to osmosis.
Active transport uses ATP (or an electrochemical gradient) to move molecules against a concentration gradient.
Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses electrochemical gradients. Sodium-potassium "pumps," Calcium pumps, and Hydrogen pumps are examples.
Secondary active transport, symporters and antiporters, move molecules along with another molecule (a substance down its concentration gradient coupled with transport of the other molecule)
Vesicular transport involves endocytosis and exocytosis, respectively.
Endocytosis involves phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis involves release of substances through vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, and can be important for adding new membrane components, releasing neurotransmitters, or secreting hormones
Transcytosis moves substances across cell layers, often relevant to blood vessels lining
Key textbook readings are recommended for in-depth knowledge.

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Description

This quiz focuses on cellular transport processes as covered in the MPharm program. It explores passive processes like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport mechanisms such as endocytosis and exocytosis. Understanding these concepts is essential for applications in the nervous system and neurotransmission.