Mountaineering History and Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What should you do while walking in the direction of the DTA?

Turn the bezel away from the DTA.

Align the compass needle with the south line inside the compass housing.

Hold the compass above eye level for better visibility.

Keep the red needle aligned with the magnetic north arrow. (correct)

Which statement about bearings is correct?

Bearings can be greater than 180°.

Bearings are always expressed in degrees with a directional suffix. (correct)

Bearings are represented as full-circle angles.

Bearings exist only within quadrants and are less than 90°.

How would you convert an azimuth of 190° to a bearing?

S190°W

N10°E

S10°W (correct)

N190°E

In a traverse, what does 'leg' refer to?

The distance between two stations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct representation for an azimuth of 40° in bearing format?

N40°E Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of climbing mentioned?

Cave Climbing Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant event in the history of mountaineering in 1786?

Michel Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat reached Mont Blanc’s summit. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of carbohydrates recommended in the nutritional considerations for hiking?

50-65% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about trekking is accurate?

Trekking requires technical skills for varied terrains. Signup and view all the answers

Which class indicates a very easy trail according to the classification of mountains?

Class 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum hydration requirement for hiking?

1-2 liters/day Signup and view all the answers

Which individual became the first Filipina to climb all Seven Summits?

Carina Dayondon Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct calorie distribution for a 2,000-calorie day for protein?

300 calories Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hiking at an easy pace initially?

To allow for adjustment based on breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of clothing is recommended for warmth during hiking?

Fleece insulating layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using trekking poles during hikes?

For knee support and balance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a safety reminder when hiking?

Hike alone to increase focus Signup and view all the answers

How does regular hiking impact body composition?

Supports healthy weight maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Orienteering is primarily used for which purpose?

For search and rescue operations Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Pace Factor' refer to in navigation?

The average number of steps for a known distance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of an orienteering map?

Topographic lines for elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is magnetic declination?

The difference between true north and magnetic north Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a prismatic compass component?

To provide a clear sightline for aiming Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is essential for safe hiking?

First aid kit Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Leave No Trace' principle emphasize?

Carrying all trash out Signup and view all the answers

For overnight hikes, what is the recommended backpack capacity?

50-80L Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with the compass during navigation?

Hold it in front of your stomach Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hiking and Trekking/Mountaineering

Definition (Mountaineering): Attaining or attempting high mountain summits for enjoyment of the climb.
European Context: Emphasizes technical climbing using equipment at high altitudes.
Forms: Rock climbing/bouldering, snow/ice climbing, mixed climbing.
Local Setting: Hiking (shorter, well-marked trails) and trekking (longer, varied terrains).

Brief History of Mountaineering

Europe (mid-18th century):
- Chamonix Valley: Glaciers observed and fascination with Mont Blanc.
- Horace-Benedict de Saussure offered a reward for Mont Blanc summit.
- 1786: Michel Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat first summit.
- 1808: Marie Paradis first woman to reach the peak.
Philippines (1880): Don Joaquin Rajal led the first expedition to Mt. Apo.
Philippines (2012): Romeo Garduce first Filipino to scale the Seven Summits, Carina Dayondon first Filipina.

Classification of Mountains in the Philippines

Trail Classes (1-9): Difficulty scale from 1 (very easy, 90-minute treks) to 9 (extremely difficult).

Mental and Emotional Preparation

Visualization and affirmations: Essential for mental strength.

Planning a Hike

Research: Weather, terrain, trails.
Itineraries: Share plans with family for monitoring.

Nutritional Considerations for Hiking

Macro-nutrients: 15% protein, 50-65% carbohydrates, 20-35% fats.
Calorie Example (2,000 calories): 75g protein, 325g carbohydrates, 45g fat.
Calorie Values: 4 calories/gram for carbohydrates and protein, 9 calories/gram for fat.
Food requirements: 1.5 – 2.5 lbs of food per day (2500-4500 calories).

Hydration for Hiking

Minimum: 1-2 liters per day, increase with load/temperature.
Formula +1L for every 4-5 miles; drink 1/2 to 1 cup every 30-45 minutes.

Basic Hiking Skills

Pace: Start slow, adjust based on breathing (normal=increase, hard=slow).
Rhythm: Sync breathing with steps/arms.
Uphill: Smaller steps, maintain pace.
Breaks: Take short breaks, eat small, frequent meals.

Health Benefits of Hiking/Trekking

Cardiovascular: Improves O2 efficiency, endurance.
Lung Strength: Increases oxygen flow/capacity.
Bone/Muscle: Mimics weight training.
Body Composition: Supports healthy weight maintenance.

Hiking Safety

Groups: Hike with others, not alone.
Skills: Stay within trails and skill level.
Guides: Follow instructions.
Leave No Trace: Important to minimize environmental impact.
Emergency Planning
First Aid: Knowledge critical.

Hiking Essentials

Clothing: Base, insulating, outer layers (waterproof/breathable).
Backpack: Day hikes: 30-50L; overnight: 50-80L.
Footwear: Hiking shoes (easy trails), boots (rough terrain), backpacking boots (long/difficult).
Socks: Nylon/merino, avoid cotton.
Trekking poles: For balance, knee support, and depth checks.
Navigation: Map, compass, GPS.
Sun Protection: Eyewear, clothing, sunscreen.
Headlamp: Preferred over flashlight.
Personal safety accessories: Knife, first aid kit, lip balm.

Orienteering

Definition: Using a map and compass to navigate unfamiliar terrain.
Uses: Search-and-rescue, park rangers, outdoor enthusiasts.

Orienteering History

Scandinavia (1886): Military use.
Ernst Killander (1919): Designed cross-country competitions.
IOF (1941-1943): International Orienteering Federation formed.
US Marine Corps (1967): Became part of the Physical Fitness Academy.
US Olympic Committee (1988): Accepted as a sport.
Philippines (2020): Became the 76th member of the IOF.

Orienteering Essentials

Map and compass.
Whistle.
Map bag.
Pen/marker.

Orienteering Map Use

Types: Locator, highway, topographic, orienteering.

Measuring Distance (Terrain)**

Pace Factor: Calculate paces to know a distance (e.g., convert 'X' paces = 'Y' meters.)

Compass Usage Techniques

Compass Types: Prismatic, baseplate.
Key parts:
- Direction of Travel Arrow (DTA)
- Bezel
- Compass Needle
- Thumb Ring
- Centimeter and Inch Scale
- Lanyard
- Baseplate
Bearings & Azimuth:
- Bearing: Angle within quadrant.
- Azimuth: Full-circle angle (0-360° clockwise from North).
Conversion: Convert azimuth to bearing (example: Azimuth 40° = N40°E).
Magnetic Declination: Difference between true north and magnetic north; varies by location.
Grid North: Direction along map projection grid lines.

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Description

Explore the fascinating history of mountaineering, from its European roots in the 18th century to significant milestones in the Philippines. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, and various forms of climbing including rock, snow, and ice climbing. Test your knowledge on key figures and events that shaped the sport of mountaineering.