Motor Skill Learning: Augmented Feedback
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Questions and Answers

What is the main drawback of providing augmented feedback on every trial?

  • It helps the learner to become self-sufficient.
  • It enhances natural problem-solving abilities.
  • It leads to improved long-term retention of skills.
  • It creates dependency on the feedback. (correct)

Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to reduce dependence on augmented feedback?

  • Summary and averaged augmented feedback.
  • Continuous feedback delivery. (correct)
  • Self-selected frequency.
  • Performance-based bandwidths.

How does augmented feedback potentially interfere with learning?

  • By promoting the use of intrinsic feedback.
  • By providing too much information at once.
  • By enhancing cognitive processing activities.
  • By diverting focus from problem-solving skills. (correct)

What is the guiding idea behind the guidance hypothesis?

<p>Guidance through frequent feedback hinders skill retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be considered beneficial for skill acquisition according to the discussed methods?

<p>Infrequent feedback to encourage independence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of augmented feedback that provides information about physiological processes?

<p>Movement kinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what phase is concurrent augmented feedback provided?

<p>While performing a skill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can concurrent augmented feedback have on learning?

<p>Negatively affects learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions does NOT pertain to timing issues related to augmented feedback?

<p>Should feedback vary from session to session? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of providing feedback too frequently?

<p>It may create dependency on feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of augmented feedback uses instrumentation to inform performers?

<p>Biofeedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect can help reduce the likelihood of learners relying heavily on concurrent feedback?

<p>Providing differential feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when deciding how soon after performance feedback should be given?

<p>The quality of the performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback provides information about the outcome of an attempt to perform a skill?

<p>Knowledge of results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback focuses on the characteristics of the movement that led to a performance outcome?

<p>Knowledge of performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the soccer throw-in experiment, how many form cues were provided to the participants?

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the form cues given to participants in the throw-in experiment?

<p>The ball should be thrown with two hands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary roles of augmented feedback in skill learning?

<p>It can assist in achieving goals and motivate learners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method of delivering verbal knowledge of performance in the study?

<p>Verbal cues based on skill analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were participants given feedback based on their primary form problem?

<p>To address their specific technique issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of performance error feedback provides both the description of the error and corrective measures?

<p>Prescriptive KP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can erroneous augmented feedback lead to during skill acquisition?

<p>Confusion in skill learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far away from the target was the throwing distance set for the participants?

<p>75% of their maximum throwing distance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes qualitative versus quantitative information in augmented feedback?

<p>Qualitative information describes the performance with rich detail. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of augmented feedback in skill acquisition?

<p>To enhance the learning experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does augmented feedback based on error size have on skill learning?

<p>It can either enhance or hinder skill learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a situation where augmented feedback is not necessary?

<p>When the learner is proficient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of skill learning, what does KR stand for?

<p>Knowledge of results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of relying solely on augmented feedback?

<p>Potential dependency on external evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes task-intrinsic feedback?

<p>Sensory information available during skill performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines augmented feedback?

<p>Performance-related information that supplements intrinsic feedback. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example corresponds to Knowledge of Results (KR)?

<p>A runner receiving a time after completing a race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would augmented feedback be particularly beneficial?

<p>During initial learning stages of a new motor skill. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between quantitative and qualitative augmented feedback?

<p>Quantitative feedback includes specific metrics, while qualitative feedback includes subjective assessments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is terminal augmented feedback?

<p>Feedback provided after completing the performance of a skill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes terminal augmented feedback?

<p>Feedback given immediately after a performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intervals is included in terminal augmented feedback?

<p>KR-delay interval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effective way to reduce dependency on augmented feedback?

<p>Gradually decreasing the amount of feedback given. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What traditional view exists regarding the frequency of presenting augmented feedback?

<p>It should be given during or after every practice trial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would concurrent augmented feedback be detrimental?

<p>When a learner is attempting complex tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contemporary view on the frequency of augmented feedback?

<p>Reducing the frequency of feedback can be beneficial. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur during the KR-delay and post-KR intervals?

<p>Engaging in activity may hinder, benefit, or have no effect on skill learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'KR' refer to in the context of augmented feedback?

<p>Knowledge of results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study concluded that reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances learning?

<p>Winstein and Schmidt (1990) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of actively engaging during the KR-delay interval?

<p>It can lead to both hindrance and enhancement in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Knowledge of Results (KR)

Feedback provided about the outcome of a skill attempt.

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Feedback provided about the specific movements that led to a performance outcome.

Augmented Feedback

Externally provided information about your performance that adds to your inherent sensory feedback.

Skill Analysis

The process of breaking down a skill into its component parts to understand what contributes to successful performance.

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Form Cues

Specific instructions or points of feedback about the movements or techniques required for a skill.

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Task-intrinsic Feedback

Feedback received directly from your own senses during a skill performance.

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Feedback Family

A group of feedback types that can be used to help learners improve their skills.

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Verbal Feedback

Providing feedback through spoken words.

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Guidance Hypothesis

The idea that constant feedback on every attempt, while initially helpful, can actually hinder long-term learning. Learners become reliant on the feedback, making it difficult to perform well when the feedback is removed.

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Performance-Based Bandwidths

A technique for reducing reliance on augmented feedback where the learner only receives feedback when their performance falls outside a predetermined range.

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Self-Selected Frequency

A technique where learners choose when they want to receive augmented feedback, allowing them to control the amount and timing of information.

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Summary and Averaged Feedback

A technique where feedback is given less frequently, summarizing multiple attempts or providing an average of performance over time.

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What is the role of augmented feedback in skill acquisition?

Augmented feedback helps learners understand their performance, identify errors, and improve their skills faster.

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What types of questions might a learner have while practicing?

Learners might wonder about their technique, how to correct errors, or what they need to do to improve their performance.

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How does augmented feedback influence skill learning?

Augmented feedback can be beneficial in certain situations, like providing clear error correction. However, over-reliance on it can hinder learning.

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What are two types of augmented feedback?

Quantitative feedback provides numerical information about the performance, like distance or time. Qualitative feedback provides descriptive feedback, like 'keep your head up' or 'smooth your swing'.

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How does concurrent feedback affect skill learning?

Concurrent feedback provided during the performance can be helpful for initial learning but might hinder long-term skill development if used excessively.

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What is terminal feedback?

Feedback provided after the completion of a skill, which can be further separated into feedback given immediately after the performance and feedback given after a delay.

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Types of Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Information about the quality of the movement just performed. Can include manual guidance (physical correction), video replay, movement data (kinematics/kinetics), and biofeedback (physiological data).

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Video Replay as KP

A form of KP where a video is shown to the performer to help them understand their movement. This allows for visual analysis of errors.

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Biofeedback as KP

A type of KP where instruments are used to measure physiological responses (e.g., heart rate, muscle tension). This data can be used to improve movements.

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Timing of Augmented Feedback

Deciding when to provide feedback is crucial for learning. Considerations include: providing feedback during or after the performance, how soon after the performance, and how frequently.

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Concurrent Augmented Feedback

Feedback provided while the performer is performing. This type of feedback can either help or hinder learning depending on how it's given.

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Effects of Concurrent Feedback

Concurrent feedback can be detrimental or beneficial to learning, depending on how it is presented. Careful attention to subtle variations in feedback can prevent learners from becoming dependent on it.

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Consequences of Poor Concurrent Feedback

If concurrent feedback is not well-designed, it can negatively impact learning by leading to dependence on the feedback and a reduction in the learner's ability to self-correct.

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Importance of Subtle Variations in Concurrent Feedback

Providing concurrent feedback in ways that are not too disruptive or too dependent can help learners develop their own internal feedback mechanisms.

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Augmented Feedback's Role

Augmented feedback can significantly impact skill acquisition. It can be crucial, unnecessary, enhance learning, or even hinder it. The specific impact depends on how it is presented and the skill being learned.

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KP: Knowledge of Performance

KP provides information about how a skill was performed, focusing on the movement itself, not just the outcome.

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KP: Meaningful Feedback

KP is most effective when it is relevant and understandable to the learner.

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KP: Feedback Content Types

There are different ways to present KP:

  • Verbal KP: Explaining what was done wrong or right.
  • Descriptive KP: Simply stating the error made.
  • Prescriptive KP: Identifying the error AND suggesting how to fix it.
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Error-Based Versus Success-Based Feedback

KP can focus on either mistakes made or successful aspects of the skill.

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Qualitative Versus Quantitative KP

KP can be descriptive, using words and phrases, OR numerical, using measurements or scores.

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KP Related to Error Size

The importance of feedback can vary based on the severity of the error.

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Erroneous KP

Incorrect or misleading feedback can negatively impact skill learning.

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Terminal Augmented Feedback

Feedback provided after a skill is completed. It includes two intervals: KR-delay interval and post-KR interval. Performing activities during these intervals can impact skill learning, either hindering, benefiting, or having no effect.

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KR-delay interval

The time between completing a skill and receiving feedback. This interval can impact learning depending on the activity during this time.

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Post-KR interval

The time after receiving feedback until the next skill attempt. Performing different activities during this interval can impact skill learning.

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Frequency of Augmented Feedback

How often feedback is given during practice. Traditionally, feedback was provided after every attempt (100% frequency). However, recent research suggests that reducing the frequency of feedback can improve learning.

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100% Frequency of Feedback

Providing feedback after every practice attempt. Traditionally, this was considered the best approach for skill learning.

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Reduced Frequency of Feedback

Providing feedback less frequently than after every attempt. Recent research suggests that reducing the frequency of feedback can improve skill learning.

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Estimating Errors

The ability to judge the accuracy of your own performance. This is an important skill for learning.

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Trials-delay of KR

Delaying feedback for a certain number of trials. This can help learners focus on their performance and develop a better sense of their own errors.

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Study Notes

Chapter 15: Augmented Feedback

  • Learning Objectives:
    • Distinguish task-intrinsic feedback from augmented feedback in motor skill performance.
    • Define knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP) with examples.
    • Describe skill learning situations where augmented feedback influences or doesn't influence learning.
    • Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative augmented feedback.
    • Detail situations where various augmented feedback types (e.g., video replay, movement kinematics, biofeedback) effectively aid skill learning.
    • Identify when concurrent augmented feedback is beneficial or detrimental to skill learning.
    • Describe the two time intervals associated with terminal augmented feedback and how their lengths and activity during each affect skill acquisition.
    • Explain methods to reduce learner dependence on augmented feedback.

Introduction

  • Recall initial experiences with new physical activities and consider:

    • Success levels in the first attempts.
    • Use of questions/instructor feedback during practice.
    • Value of instructor feedback in time and energy savings.

  • Practitioners play a critical role providing augmented feedback to aid skill acquisition.

  • Task-intrinsic feedback:

    • Sensory information naturally available during skill performance.

  • Augmented feedback:

    • Performance-related information added to task-intrinsic feedback.
    • Typically from an external source.

Types of Augmented Feedback

  • Knowledge of Results (KR):

    • Externally provided information about the outcome of a skill attempt.
    • Helps distinguish task-intrinsic and augmented feedback effects on learning.

  • Knowledge of Performance (KP):

    • Information about movement characteristics leading to a performance outcome.
    • Can be given verbally or nonverbally.

A Closer Look: Basing Verbal KP on a Skill Analysis

  • Example experiment with twelve-year-old soccer players practicing throw-ins.
    • Throw-ins aimed at a target 75% of the participant's maximum throwing distance.
    • Feedback provided on one of eight technique aspects (form).
      • Detailed skill analysis used to identify crucial aspects for form cues.

Roles of Augmented Feedback in Skill Acquisition

  • Facilitates skill achievement:

    • Helps achieve action goals more quickly or easily.

  • Motivates learning:

    • Keeps the learner focused on achieving the goal.
    • Allows for goal adjustments or activity cessation.

How Essential Is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?

  • Augmented feedback can be essential, unnecessary, enhance, or hinder skill acquisition, depending on specific situations.

  • Further details in textbook needed.

KP must be Meaningful to the Learner

  • Key consideration for useful KP feedback.

Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback Content

  • Information about errors versus correct aspects of performance comparison.
  • Distinguishing between KR and KP.
  • Qualitative versus quantitative information comparison.
  • Augmented feedback based on error size.
  • Erroneous augmented feedback.

Types of KP

  • Verbal KP:

    • Practitioner performs skill analysis, determines feedback content.
    • Can be descriptive (describes error) or prescriptive (describes error and correction).

  • Manual guidance:

    • Video replay (Figure 15.4).
    • Movement kinetics/kinematics (Figure 15.5).

  • Biofeedback:

    • Provides information about physiological processes through instrumentation.
  • Three important questions:
    • When should feedback be given (during or after performance)?
    • How soon after performance?
    • How frequently during practice sessions?

Concurrent Augmented Feedback

  • Augmented feedback provided during skill performance.
    • Can negatively affect learning.
    • Can enhance learning.
  • Feedback variations help reduce dependence on feedback.

Terminal Augmented Feedback

  • Feedback provided after the skill performance has finished.
    • Two distinct time intervals (KR-delay and post-KR).
    • Need a minimum length for each interval.
      • Activity during these periods can hinder, aid, or have minimal effect.

Frequency of Presenting Augmented Feedback

  • Traditional view:

    • Augmented feedback necessary for all trials (100% frequency).

  • Contemporary view:

    • Recent research suggests reducing frequency.

Theoretical Basis for Current View

  • Guidance hypothesis:
    • Consistent augmented feedback leads to learning dependence and poorer performance once feedback is removed.

Techniques that Reduce Frequency of Augmented Feedback

  • Ways to reduce feedback dependence:
    • Interrupting critical cognitive or problem-solving activities for practice.
    • Interfering with task-intrinsic feedback interpretation.
    • Using performance-oriented feedback restrictions in bandwidths.
    • Allowing flexible feedback frequency selection by a learner.
    • Using summary and averaged augmented feedback (Figure 15.11).

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Motor Learning and Control Concepts and Applications PDF

Description

Dive into Chapter 15, which focuses on augmented feedback in motor skill performance. You'll learn to differentiate between task-intrinsic and augmented feedback, explore examples of knowledge of results and knowledge of performance, and understand how various types of augmented feedback can influence skill acquisition. This quiz will help solidify your knowledge of key concepts related to skill learning.

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