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Questions and Answers
What is meant by degrees of freedom in the context of biomechanics?
What is meant by degrees of freedom in the context of biomechanics?
How do cricketers benefit from understanding degrees of freedom?
How do cricketers benefit from understanding degrees of freedom?
In batting, why is it important for batters to control their degrees of freedom?
In batting, why is it important for batters to control their degrees of freedom?
What is a crucial factor for bowlers to generate different types of deliveries?
What is a crucial factor for bowlers to generate different types of deliveries?
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What role does coordination play in relation to degrees of freedom?
What role does coordination play in relation to degrees of freedom?
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What is the definition of Reaction Time (RT)?
What is the definition of Reaction Time (RT)?
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Which stage directly follows the Response Selection stage in the information processing model?
Which stage directly follows the Response Selection stage in the information processing model?
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How does the IAAF define a false start in track events?
How does the IAAF define a false start in track events?
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What does the pre-motor time refer to in the context of reaction time?
What does the pre-motor time refer to in the context of reaction time?
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Which of the following factors can affect Reaction Time (RT)?
Which of the following factors can affect Reaction Time (RT)?
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What effect does freezing degrees of freedom have on the action process?
What effect does freezing degrees of freedom have on the action process?
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Which of the following describes a benefit of freeing degrees of freedom?
Which of the following describes a benefit of freeing degrees of freedom?
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How do freezing degrees of freedom contribute to overall performance?
How do freezing degrees of freedom contribute to overall performance?
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What role does the body's mechanical and inertial properties play when degrees of freedom are freed?
What role does the body's mechanical and inertial properties play when degrees of freedom are freed?
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What is a consequence of freezing degrees of freedom during movement?
What is a consequence of freezing degrees of freedom during movement?
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What does the act of freeing degrees of freedom allow the performer to achieve?
What does the act of freeing degrees of freedom allow the performer to achieve?
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Why is the observation of degrees of freedom important during an action like throwing a scrunched paper ball?
Why is the observation of degrees of freedom important during an action like throwing a scrunched paper ball?
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What happens when the motor system fully exploits degrees of freedom?
What happens when the motor system fully exploits degrees of freedom?
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What factor peaks reaction time in a person's 20s?
What factor peaks reaction time in a person's 20s?
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Which sensory system has the fastest reaction time?
Which sensory system has the fastest reaction time?
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What is the effect of caffeine on reaction time according to studies?
What is the effect of caffeine on reaction time according to studies?
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What does Hick's Law relate to in the context of reaction time?
What does Hick's Law relate to in the context of reaction time?
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Which factor can lengthen reaction time due to distraction?
Which factor can lengthen reaction time due to distraction?
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How does handedness affect reaction time?
How does handedness affect reaction time?
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What is the likely impact of alcohol on reaction time?
What is the likely impact of alcohol on reaction time?
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What does the 'inverted U' principle relate to?
What does the 'inverted U' principle relate to?
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What is the first stage in the information processing theory related to movement?
What is the first stage in the information processing theory related to movement?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an external environment input in the sensory system?
Which of the following is NOT considered an external environment input in the sensory system?
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What does proprioception provide information about?
What does proprioception provide information about?
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During which stage of information processing are possible response options decided upon?
During which stage of information processing are possible response options decided upon?
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Which action is part of the response programming stage?
Which action is part of the response programming stage?
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What is a key assumption of the information processing theory?
What is a key assumption of the information processing theory?
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Which of the following best describes the output in the information processing model?
Which of the following best describes the output in the information processing model?
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What role do proprioceptors play in movement?
What role do proprioceptors play in movement?
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What does Hick's Law state about reaction time and stimulus response alternatives?
What does Hick's Law state about reaction time and stimulus response alternatives?
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In the context of sports, how can a player with the ball slow down the reaction time of a defender?
In the context of sports, how can a player with the ball slow down the reaction time of a defender?
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What is a key coaching implication derived from Hick’s Law?
What is a key coaching implication derived from Hick’s Law?
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What cognitive conflict is highlighted by the Stroop Task?
What cognitive conflict is highlighted by the Stroop Task?
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What is an implication of fast processing by the brain that might be problematic?
What is an implication of fast processing by the brain that might be problematic?
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How does Hick's Law relate to critical reaction time (CRT) in sports?
How does Hick's Law relate to critical reaction time (CRT) in sports?
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What does 'bilateral skills' refer to in coaching techniques?
What does 'bilateral skills' refer to in coaching techniques?
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What factor does not contribute to the slowing of reaction time in a sports context?
What factor does not contribute to the slowing of reaction time in a sports context?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition
- Course code: SPRT1005
- Instructor: Dr Jen Joyce
- University: University of Worcester
Learning Objectives
- Understand coordination and control of movement
- Identify stages of information processing
- Recognize the impact of reaction time on performance
- Understand the brain's role in processing information and movement execution
- Learn about the Paired Presentation assessment requirements
Degrees of Freedom in the Human Body
- There are 244 degrees of freedom within the human body, controlled by 630 muscles.
- Understanding degrees of freedom is critical for efficient movement in sports. This impacts performance and injury prevention.
Coordination
- Organizing degrees of freedom into efficient movement patterns to achieve specific goals.
- This involves controlling the many possible movements of the body to achieve a goal in an efficient and effective way.
- Example: An athlete controlling their degrees of freedom to generate different types of deliveries in bowling (e.g., pace, spin).
Freezing and Freeing Degrees of Freedom
- Freezing: reducing the complexity of an action.
- Freeing: relaxing and reorganizing degrees of freedom.
- Both are used for better motor control.
"Freezing" and "Freeing" of Degrees of Freedom Practical Application
- Students perform exercises scrunching paper and hitting targets to observe the degrees of freedom used.
The Brain and Movement
- Information Processing Theory
- Information is processed in stages.
- Brain has limited capacity.
- Operations take time.
- Learning involves improved memory and effective info processing.
Information Processing Model
- Input (Stimulus Identification/Perception)
- Stage 1: Stimulus identification (perception)
- Stage 2: Response selection (decision-making)
- Stage 3: Response programming (action initiation)
- Output.
- The senses provide input to stages 1 & 2 (External and Internal Environments)
Input - The Senses
- External Environment: vision (most important), auditory, tactile, olfactory.
- Internal Environment: proprioception (unconscious perception of movement, spatial awareness).
The Sensory System
- Key for information input into the nervous system. Visual, auditory, and tactile perception. Details in sensory processing, times for each type of sensory input.
Reaction Time Debate
- IAAF rule: athlete must not move within 0.10 s of the gun firing or penalty
- Importance of understanding information processing steps
- The time from the warning signal to the initiation of the response
Fractionated Reaction Time
- EMG recording, pre-motor time, motor time, observable movement
Factors Affecting Reaction Time
- Age, sensory system, exercise, stimuli, gender, distractions, limbs used, number of stimuli, stimulus intensity.
- Many different factors influence reaction time, and these factors must be understood in order to give proper coaching feedback and strategies. (Includes alcohol and caffeine)
Hick's Law
- As the number of stimulus response alternatives doubles, the reaction time increases by a constant amount.
Applying Hick's Law in Sport
- Player movements and available options, create multiple choices for the defender.
Coaching Implications
- Minimizing information overload, give clear signals to players.
Reaction Time in Sport
- Example: Baseball player's reaction time and movement to catch a ball
Take a Break, Take a Breath.
- Important to take breaks or time to relax to avoid fatigue.
Your Brain: Friend or Foe
- Examines how quickly the brain processes information and the impact of speed on performance.
Fizz Buzz
- Explanation of the FizzBuzz coding exercise and how it relates to information processing and reaction time. This is an activity designed to improve understanding of mental processes.
Your Brain: Friend or Foe (Questions)
- How does the brain quickly process information?
- Is speed always beneficial? What are the consequences of fast processing?
- This section encourages critical thinking about the brain and its role.
Another Example of Fast Thinking - The Stroop Task
- Cognitive task about colour and word naming. (Instructions and data collection)
- Understanding how to collect and analyze data from this task.
The Stroop Task Results
- Results of the Stroop task analysis.
Any Questions?
- Open discussion for questions and answers. (Formal discussion prompt)
References
- Provides relevant sources used for information. Includes specific authors, citations, and publication details.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of motor learning and skill acquisition as outlined in the course SPRT1005. It covers coordination, information processing, reaction times, and the brain's role in movement. Understand the importance of degrees of freedom and their application in sports performance and injury prevention.
