Introduction to Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition
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What is meant by degrees of freedom in the context of biomechanics?

  • The total weight of the human body
  • The number of muscles in the body
  • The ability to organize movements into efficient patterns (correct)
  • The different types of movements a person can perform

    • How do cricketers benefit from understanding degrees of freedom?

  • They can run faster without injuries
  • They can increase the strength of their muscles
  • They can understand complex strategies
  • They can achieve optimal performance in batting, bowling, and fielding (correct)

    • In batting, why is it important for batters to control their degrees of freedom?

  • To reduce the training time needed
  • To allow other players to focus on their performance
  • To adjust their technique based on the ball's trajectory (correct)
  • To improve their physical strength

    • What is a crucial factor for bowlers to generate different types of deliveries?

    <p>Controlling the degrees of freedom at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does coordination play in relation to degrees of freedom?

    <p>It organizes degrees of freedom into efficient movement patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Reaction Time (RT)?

    <p>The time from the presentation of a stimulus until a response is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage directly follows the Response Selection stage in the information processing model?

    <p>Response Programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the IAAF define a false start in track events?

    <p>When an athlete moves within 0.10 seconds after the gun has fired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pre-motor time refer to in the context of reaction time?

    <p>The time taken from stimulus identification to response selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect Reaction Time (RT)?

    <p>The athlete's physical fitness and mental state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does freezing degrees of freedom have on the action process?

    <p>It reduces the complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a benefit of freeing degrees of freedom?

    <p>Enhances the motor system's efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freezing degrees of freedom contribute to overall performance?

    <p>They allow for a crude level of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the body's mechanical and inertial properties play when degrees of freedom are freed?

    <p>They are exploited by the motor system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of freezing degrees of freedom during movement?

    <p>Restrictions on the variety of motions available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the act of freeing degrees of freedom allow the performer to achieve?

    <p>Greater adaptability in varying conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the observation of degrees of freedom important during an action like throwing a scrunched paper ball?

    <p>It helps understand the movement dynamics involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the motor system fully exploits degrees of freedom?

    <p>It leads to greater fluidity in the execution of tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor peaks reaction time in a person's 20s?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory system has the fastest reaction time?

    <p>Auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of caffeine on reaction time according to studies?

    <p>It decreases reaction time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hick's Law relate to in the context of reaction time?

    <p>The number of stimuli presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lengthen reaction time due to distraction?

    <p>Background noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does handedness affect reaction time?

    <p>Left-handed individuals have a reaction time advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely impact of alcohol on reaction time?

    <p>It slows reaction time and increases errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'inverted U' principle relate to?

    <p>The relationship between exercise and reaction time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in the information processing theory related to movement?

    <p>Stimulus Identification (Perception)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an external environment input in the sensory system?

    <p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does proprioception provide information about?

    <p>Joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of information processing are possible response options decided upon?

    <p>Response Selection (Decision)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is part of the response programming stage?

    <p>Commanding the correct muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of the information processing theory?

    <p>All mental operations take time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the output in the information processing model?

    <p>The initiation of the action after processing is complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proprioceptors play in movement?

    <p>They provide information about body position and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hick's Law state about reaction time and stimulus response alternatives?

    <p>Reaction time increases by a constant amount as alternatives double.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sports, how can a player with the ball slow down the reaction time of a defender?

    <p>By threatening multiple options like passing, shooting, or dribbling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key coaching implication derived from Hick’s Law?

    <p>Encourage players to block signals to their opponents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive conflict is highlighted by the Stroop Task?

    <p>Identifying colors versus reading words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implication of fast processing by the brain that might be problematic?

    <p>Increased likelihood of making errors in decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Hick's Law relate to critical reaction time (CRT) in sports?

    <p>More options lead to increased CRT for both players.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'bilateral skills' refer to in coaching techniques?

    <p>Encouraging players to develop skills on both sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does not contribute to the slowing of reaction time in a sports context?

    <p>Availability of only one choice for action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition

    • Course code: SPRT1005
    • Instructor: Dr Jen Joyce
    • University: University of Worcester

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand coordination and control of movement
    • Identify stages of information processing
    • Recognize the impact of reaction time on performance
    • Understand the brain's role in processing information and movement execution
    • Learn about the Paired Presentation assessment requirements

    Degrees of Freedom in the Human Body

    • There are 244 degrees of freedom within the human body, controlled by 630 muscles.
    • Understanding degrees of freedom is critical for efficient movement in sports. This impacts performance and injury prevention.

    Coordination

    • Organizing degrees of freedom into efficient movement patterns to achieve specific goals.
    • This involves controlling the many possible movements of the body to achieve a goal in an efficient and effective way.
    • Example: An athlete controlling their degrees of freedom to generate different types of deliveries in bowling (e.g., pace, spin).

    Freezing and Freeing Degrees of Freedom

    • Freezing: reducing the complexity of an action.
    • Freeing: relaxing and reorganizing degrees of freedom.
    • Both are used for better motor control.

    "Freezing" and "Freeing" of Degrees of Freedom Practical Application

    • Students perform exercises scrunching paper and hitting targets to observe the degrees of freedom used.

    The Brain and Movement

    • Information Processing Theory
    • Information is processed in stages.
    • Brain has limited capacity.
    • Operations take time.
    • Learning involves improved memory and effective info processing.

    Information Processing Model

    • Input (Stimulus Identification/Perception)
    • Stage 1: Stimulus identification (perception)
    • Stage 2: Response selection (decision-making)
    • Stage 3: Response programming (action initiation)
    • Output.
    • The senses provide input to stages 1 & 2 (External and Internal Environments)

    Input - The Senses

    • External Environment: vision (most important), auditory, tactile, olfactory.
    • Internal Environment: proprioception (unconscious perception of movement, spatial awareness).

    The Sensory System

    • Key for information input into the nervous system. Visual, auditory, and tactile perception. Details in sensory processing, times for each type of sensory input.

    Reaction Time Debate

    • IAAF rule: athlete must not move within 0.10 s of the gun firing or penalty
    • Importance of understanding information processing steps
    • The time from the warning signal to the initiation of the response

    Fractionated Reaction Time

    • EMG recording, pre-motor time, motor time, observable movement

    Factors Affecting Reaction Time

    • Age, sensory system, exercise, stimuli, gender, distractions, limbs used, number of stimuli, stimulus intensity.
    • Many different factors influence reaction time, and these factors must be understood in order to give proper coaching feedback and strategies. (Includes alcohol and caffeine)

    Hick's Law

    • As the number of stimulus response alternatives doubles, the reaction time increases by a constant amount.

    Applying Hick's Law in Sport

    • Player movements and available options, create multiple choices for the defender.

    Coaching Implications

    • Minimizing information overload, give clear signals to players.

    Reaction Time in Sport

    • Example: Baseball player's reaction time and movement to catch a ball

    Take a Break, Take a Breath.

    • Important to take breaks or time to relax to avoid fatigue.

    Your Brain: Friend or Foe

    • Examines how quickly the brain processes information and the impact of speed on performance.

    Fizz Buzz

    • Explanation of the FizzBuzz coding exercise and how it relates to information processing and reaction time. This is an activity designed to improve understanding of mental processes.

    Your Brain: Friend or Foe (Questions)

    • How does the brain quickly process information?
    • Is speed always beneficial? What are the consequences of fast processing?
    • This section encourages critical thinking about the brain and its role.

    Another Example of Fast Thinking - The Stroop Task

    • Cognitive task about colour and word naming. (Instructions and data collection)
    • Understanding how to collect and analyze data from this task.

    The Stroop Task Results

    • Results of the Stroop task analysis.

    Any Questions?

    • Open discussion for questions and answers. (Formal discussion prompt)

    References

    • Provides relevant sources used for information. Includes specific authors, citations, and publication details.

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    Related Documents

    SPRT1005: Introduction to Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of motor learning and skill acquisition as outlined in the course SPRT1005. It covers coordination, information processing, reaction times, and the brain's role in movement. Understand the importance of degrees of freedom and their application in sports performance and injury prevention.

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