Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of the stretch-shortening cycle in plyometric training?
What is the primary effect of the stretch-shortening cycle in plyometric training?
- Allows for energy storage and release (correct)
- Reduces the explosiveness of movements
- Enhances forceful eccentric phase only
- Increases muscle-tendon compliance
Which motor unit type is recruited first during voluntary force production?
Which motor unit type is recruited first during voluntary force production?
- Type I (correct)
- Type IIa
- Intermediate motor units
- Type IIx
What is the effect of static stretching on the muscle-tendon complex?
What is the effect of static stretching on the muscle-tendon complex?
- Allows for more elastic energy storage
- Increases tissue stiffness
- Enhances explosive force generation
- Decreases muscle-tendon stiffness (correct)
Which brain system is primarily associated with emotional control and instinctual processes related to movement?
Which brain system is primarily associated with emotional control and instinctual processes related to movement?
Which part of the brain is directly involved in the planning and initiation of motor actions?
Which part of the brain is directly involved in the planning and initiation of motor actions?
How does the central nervous system initially generate a plan for movement?
How does the central nervous system initially generate a plan for movement?
What function does the basal ganglia serve in the process of movement?
What function does the basal ganglia serve in the process of movement?
What strategy primarily dominates high force production in voluntary movements?
What strategy primarily dominates high force production in voluntary movements?
What is a motor program?
What is a motor program?
Which of the following describes the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control in motor learning?
Which of the following describes the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control in motor learning?
Which structure is responsible for refining movement after initial commands are sent from the cortex?
Which structure is responsible for refining movement after initial commands are sent from the cortex?
What role does the reacting brain play in initiating movement?
What role does the reacting brain play in initiating movement?
Which component is NOT considered when planning a movement within the cerebral cortex?
Which component is NOT considered when planning a movement within the cerebral cortex?
Which pathway refers to the direct motor command from the motor cortex to muscles without conscious attention?
Which pathway refers to the direct motor command from the motor cortex to muscles without conscious attention?
How does the brain incorporate past experiences when planning movements?
How does the brain incorporate past experiences when planning movements?
What role does the thalamus play in the control of movement?
What role does the thalamus play in the control of movement?
What is the primary characteristic of open-loop control?
What is the primary characteristic of open-loop control?
Which scenario best exemplifies open-loop control?
Which scenario best exemplifies open-loop control?
In motor control, what is required for movements in an open-loop system?
In motor control, what is required for movements in an open-loop system?
What example illustrates rapid/discrete movements controlled by motor programs in an open-loop system?
What example illustrates rapid/discrete movements controlled by motor programs in an open-loop system?
Which statement is true regarding open-loop control mechanisms?
Which statement is true regarding open-loop control mechanisms?
What is the role of the central nervous system in open-loop motor control?
What is the role of the central nervous system in open-loop motor control?
Why is feedback not utilized in open-loop systems during rapid movements?
Why is feedback not utilized in open-loop systems during rapid movements?
How does an open-loop system process a movement like a baseball swing?
How does an open-loop system process a movement like a baseball swing?
What effect does increased complexity of movement have on reaction time?
What effect does increased complexity of movement have on reaction time?
What is the primary function of Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)?
What is the primary function of Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)?
What is the main outcome of the Deafferentation experiments in monkeys?
What is the main outcome of the Deafferentation experiments in monkeys?
Which type of reaction time is typically faster when startled by a loud horn?
Which type of reaction time is typically faster when startled by a loud horn?
What happens to motor pathways during Deafferentation?
What happens to motor pathways during Deafferentation?
In reaction time testing, how does the reaction time of lifting a finger compare to more complex movements?
In reaction time testing, how does the reaction time of lifting a finger compare to more complex movements?
Which factor has NOT been shown to influence reaction time according to the study?
Which factor has NOT been shown to influence reaction time according to the study?
What is a common limitation seen in monkey subjects during Deafferentation experiments?
What is a common limitation seen in monkey subjects during Deafferentation experiments?
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control systems?
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control systems?
What occurs at the point of no return during a movement?
What occurs at the point of no return during a movement?
Which of the following best describes closed-loop control systems?
Which of the following best describes closed-loop control systems?
In the context of motor programs, what role does the point of no return serve?
In the context of motor programs, what role does the point of no return serve?
What was observed in the muscle activity study during elbow extension?
What was observed in the muscle activity study during elbow extension?
What factor does open-loop organization directly influence?
What factor does open-loop organization directly influence?
Which of the following is NOT a role of open-loop organizations?
Which of the following is NOT a role of open-loop organizations?
How does the concept of feedback differ between open-loop and closed-loop control?
How does the concept of feedback differ between open-loop and closed-loop control?
What regulates the correction of errors in closed-loop control?
What regulates the correction of errors in closed-loop control?
What is the primary purpose of feedback in closed-loop control?
What is the primary purpose of feedback in closed-loop control?
Which type of feedback is anticipated during feedforward control?
Which type of feedback is anticipated during feedforward control?
Why is it difficult to tickle oneself according to feedforward principles?
Why is it difficult to tickle oneself according to feedforward principles?
What is the role of the executive in the closed-loop control process?
What is the role of the executive in the closed-loop control process?
In closed-loop control, what happens when the actual state does not match the desired state?
In closed-loop control, what happens when the actual state does not match the desired state?
Which component is involved in both closed-loop and feedforward control?
Which component is involved in both closed-loop and feedforward control?
Which aspect of closed-loop control is related to achieving a desired state?
Which aspect of closed-loop control is related to achieving a desired state?
Match the terms related to muscle elasticity with their definitions:
Match the terms related to muscle elasticity with their definitions:
Match the motor unit recruitment strategies with their characteristics:
Match the motor unit recruitment strategies with their characteristics:
Match the brain systems with their functions related to movement:
Match the brain systems with their functions related to movement:
Match the dynamics of force output with their explanations:
Match the dynamics of force output with their explanations:
Match the characteristics of movement planning with their descriptions:
Match the characteristics of movement planning with their descriptions:
Match the control systems with their definitions:
Match the control systems with their definitions:
Match the types of feedback with their roles in movement:
Match the types of feedback with their roles in movement:
Match the muscle responses to the type of training:
Match the muscle responses to the type of training:
Match the following components of closed-loop control with their descriptions:
Match the following components of closed-loop control with their descriptions:
Match the types of feedback with their sources in closed-loop control:
Match the types of feedback with their sources in closed-loop control:
Match the following steps in the closed-loop control process with their functions:
Match the following steps in the closed-loop control process with their functions:
Match the following types of control with their characteristics:
Match the following types of control with their characteristics:
Match the following movements with their types of control:
Match the following movements with their types of control:
Match the following types of feedback to their examples:
Match the following types of feedback to their examples:
Match the following components with their roles in the movement process:
Match the following components with their roles in the movement process:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary roles in motor control:
Match the following brain structures with their primary roles in motor control:
Match the following motor control pathways with their characteristics:
Match the following motor control pathways with their characteristics:
Match the following components with their significance in motor program development:
Match the following components with their significance in motor program development:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following types of motor learning:
Match the following types of motor learning:
Match the following brain regions with their respective roles during a movement:
Match the following brain regions with their respective roles during a movement:
Match the following concepts with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the following types of reaction times with their characteristics:
Match the following types of reaction times with their characteristics:
Match the following factors influencing movement planning:
Match the following factors influencing movement planning:
Match the following terms related to deafferentation with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to deafferentation with their descriptions:
Match the following examples with their corresponding central pattern generators:
Match the following examples with their corresponding central pattern generators:
Match the following descriptions of reaction times with the correct timings:
Match the following descriptions of reaction times with the correct timings:
Match the following components involved in reaction time tests with their conditions:
Match the following components involved in reaction time tests with their conditions:
Match the following effects of complexity on reaction times:
Match the following effects of complexity on reaction times:
Match the following statements regarding muscle activity during movements with their effects:
Match the following statements regarding muscle activity during movements with their effects:
Match the following types of motor programs with their examples:
Match the following types of motor programs with their examples:
Match the following examples with their corresponding control type:
Match the following examples with their corresponding control type:
Match the following terms with their relevance in motor control:
Match the following terms with their relevance in motor control:
Match the following scenarios with the type of movement they exemplify:
Match the following scenarios with the type of movement they exemplify:
Match the following processes with their respective systems:
Match the following processes with their respective systems:
Match the following types of feedback with their definitions:
Match the following types of feedback with their definitions:
Match the following characteristics with their association in motor control:
Match the following characteristics with their association in motor control:
Match the following types of control systems with their characteristics:
Match the following types of control systems with their characteristics:
Match the following aspects of motor control with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of motor control with their descriptions:
Match the following components of movement with their descriptions:
Match the following components of movement with their descriptions:
Match each scenario with the type of motor program it illustrates:
Match each scenario with the type of motor program it illustrates:
Match the following concepts with their roles in movement coordination:
Match the following concepts with their roles in movement coordination:
Match the following components of closed-loop systems with their functions:
Match the following components of closed-loop systems with their functions:
Match each type of feedback to its purpose in motor control:
Match each type of feedback to its purpose in motor control:
Match the following phrases with their implications in motor control:
Match the following phrases with their implications in motor control:
How does plyometric training enhance a muscle's ability to store elastic energy compared to static stretching?
How does plyometric training enhance a muscle's ability to store elastic energy compared to static stretching?
Explain the significance of the firing rate in influencing force output during muscular contractions.
Explain the significance of the firing rate in influencing force output during muscular contractions.
What distinguishes the role of the reacting brain from the thinking brain in the planning phase of movement?
What distinguishes the role of the reacting brain from the thinking brain in the planning phase of movement?
How does the central nervous system initially generate a motor plan for movement?
How does the central nervous system initially generate a motor plan for movement?
In motor unit recruitment, why is the order of recruitment important for force production?
In motor unit recruitment, why is the order of recruitment important for force production?
How does the brain consider emotional states when planning motor actions?
How does the brain consider emotional states when planning motor actions?
What role does the basal ganglia play in refining movement commands?
What role does the basal ganglia play in refining movement commands?
What is the effect of sensory information on the generation of motor programs?
What is the effect of sensory information on the generation of motor programs?
In what way does the cerebellum contribute to motor control?
In what way does the cerebellum contribute to motor control?
How does the thalamus facilitate the execution of motor plans?
How does the thalamus facilitate the execution of motor plans?
What distinguishes the open-loop control system from the closed-loop control system in motor learning?
What distinguishes the open-loop control system from the closed-loop control system in motor learning?
What happens to movement planning during the initial stages of executing an open-loop motor program?
What happens to movement planning during the initial stages of executing an open-loop motor program?
What is a limitation of open-loop control systems in dynamic environments?
What is a limitation of open-loop control systems in dynamic environments?
In the context of motor control, what are motor programs responsible for?
In the context of motor control, what are motor programs responsible for?
How does the brain prepare for a movement in an open-loop system?
How does the brain prepare for a movement in an open-loop system?
Why are rapid movements often controlled by open-loop systems?
Why are rapid movements often controlled by open-loop systems?
What role does feedback play in open-loop motor control?
What role does feedback play in open-loop motor control?
How does an open-loop system respond to a change in environmental conditions during a movement?
How does an open-loop system respond to a change in environmental conditions during a movement?
What is the significance of the concept of 'point of no return' in open-loop control?
What is the significance of the concept of 'point of no return' in open-loop control?
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control mechanisms?
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control mechanisms?
In what situation would an open-loop control system be most effective?
In what situation would an open-loop control system be most effective?
How does increased movement complexity affect reaction time?
How does increased movement complexity affect reaction time?
What effect does startling have on reaction time?
What effect does startling have on reaction time?
What does deafferentation reveal about movement control?
What does deafferentation reveal about movement control?
Define 'Central Pattern Generator' (CPG) in the context of movement.
Define 'Central Pattern Generator' (CPG) in the context of movement.
What limitation was observed in monkeys during deafferentation experiments?
What limitation was observed in monkeys during deafferentation experiments?
In what way do complex responses affect planning time in reaction tasks?
In what way do complex responses affect planning time in reaction tasks?
What role does sensory information play in the context of deafferentation?
What role does sensory information play in the context of deafferentation?
How might a Central Pattern Generator influence locomotion in humans?
How might a Central Pattern Generator influence locomotion in humans?
What is the significance of the point of no return in movement execution?
What is the significance of the point of no return in movement execution?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the limbic system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the limbic system?
What is the primary function of the association cortex in the 'thinking brain'?
What is the primary function of the association cortex in the 'thinking brain'?
The 'reacting brain' primarily involves the limbic system and basal ganglia.
The 'reacting brain' primarily involves the limbic system and basal ganglia.
Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the existence of motor programs?
Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the existence of motor programs?
What is the primary difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems?
What is the primary difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems?
Give an example of a movement that is likely controlled by an open-loop system.
Give an example of a movement that is likely controlled by an open-loop system.
What is the main role of the motor program in open-loop control?
What is the main role of the motor program in open-loop control?
What is the 'point of no return' in motor program execution, and why is it significant?
What is the 'point of no return' in motor program execution, and why is it significant?
Which of the following is an example of a central pattern generator?
Which of the following is an example of a central pattern generator?
Deafferentation experiments suggest that sensory feedback is absolutely essential for movement.
Deafferentation experiments suggest that sensory feedback is absolutely essential for movement.
Describe one limitation of closed-loop control models in explaining rapid, discrete movements.
Describe one limitation of closed-loop control models in explaining rapid, discrete movements.
In the context of closed-loop control, what is the difference between anticipated feedback and feedback?
In the context of closed-loop control, what is the difference between anticipated feedback and feedback?
The inability to tickle oneself can be attributed to the concept of anticipated feedback.
The inability to tickle oneself can be attributed to the concept of anticipated feedback.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between open-loop and closed-loop control in most motor tasks?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between open-loop and closed-loop control in most motor tasks?
Describe the roles of the 'reacting brain' and the 'thinking brain' in initiating and controlling movements.
Describe the roles of the 'reacting brain' and the 'thinking brain' in initiating and controlling movements.
The 'thinking brain' is responsible for the initiation of all motor commands.
The 'thinking brain' is responsible for the initiation of all motor commands.
What is the main purpose of 'rate coding' in controlling force output during a movement?
What is the main purpose of 'rate coding' in controlling force output during a movement?
What is the role of 'summation of force' in controlling muscle force output during a movement?
What is the role of 'summation of force' in controlling muscle force output during a movement?
Muscle type plays a role in the order of motor unit recruitment during a movement.
Muscle type plays a role in the order of motor unit recruitment during a movement.
What is the main role of 'stretch-shortening cycle' in athletic movements?
What is the main role of 'stretch-shortening cycle' in athletic movements?
Why is static stretching typically considered less beneficial for athletic performance than plyometric training?
Why is static stretching typically considered less beneficial for athletic performance than plyometric training?
What is the main distinction between open-loop control and closed-loop control in terms of their responsiveness to errors?
What is the main distinction between open-loop control and closed-loop control in terms of their responsiveness to errors?
What is the primary role of the 'comparator' in a closed-loop control system?
What is the primary role of the 'comparator' in a closed-loop control system?
Feedback in closed-loop control can be classified into two main types: proprioceptive and exteroceptive.
Feedback in closed-loop control can be classified into two main types: proprioceptive and exteroceptive.
Why is 'feedforward' an important concept in closed-loop control systems?
Why is 'feedforward' an important concept in closed-loop control systems?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of closed-loop control models?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of closed-loop control models?
Describe the relationship between closed-loop control and open-loop control in the context of maintaining a stable motor output.
Describe the relationship between closed-loop control and open-loop control in the context of maintaining a stable motor output.
Motor learning is a process that primarily involves the development of new motor programs, replacing old ones completely.
Motor learning is a process that primarily involves the development of new motor programs, replacing old ones completely.
Briefly explain how motor learning can lead to improved motor performance.
Briefly explain how motor learning can lead to improved motor performance.
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in motor learning?
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in motor learning?
Provide an example of how 'feedback' can enhance motor learning in a specific motor task.
Provide an example of how 'feedback' can enhance motor learning in a specific motor task.
Motor learning primarily takes place through conscious, deliberate efforts.
Motor learning primarily takes place through conscious, deliberate efforts.
Flashcards
Stretch-shortening cycle
Stretch-shortening cycle
A plyometric training technique that utilizes a forceful eccentric contraction followed by a rapid concentric contraction, increasing tissue stiffness and energy storage.
Plyometric training
Plyometric training
High-effort power training characterized by a forceful eccentric phase followed by an explosive, rapid concentric phase.
Static stretching
Static stretching
A stretching technique that decreases muscle-tendon complex stiffness and absorbs/dissipates force.
Rate coding
Rate coding
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Motor unit recruitment
Motor unit recruitment
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Open-loop control
Open-loop control
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Closed-loop control
Closed-loop control
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Motor programs
Motor programs
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CNS
CNS
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Motor Cortex
Motor Cortex
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Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Brain stem
Brain stem
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Movement Goals
Movement Goals
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Sensory Input
Sensory Input
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Open-Loop Motor Control Example
Open-Loop Motor Control Example
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Feedback
Feedback
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Motor Program Characteristics
Motor Program Characteristics
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Rapid Movements
Rapid Movements
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Stable Environment
Stable Environment
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Reaction Time (RT)
Reaction Time (RT)
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Complex Response
Complex Response
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Startle Reaction
Startle Reaction
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Deafferentation
Deafferentation
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Central Pattern Generator (CPG)
Central Pattern Generator (CPG)
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Simple RT
Simple RT
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Movement Complexity
Movement Complexity
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Point of No Return
Point of No Return
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Agonist Muscle
Agonist Muscle
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Antagonist Muscle
Antagonist Muscle
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Degrees of Freedom
Degrees of Freedom
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Comparator
Comparator
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Effector
Effector
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Sensory feedback
Sensory feedback
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Error
Error
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Feedforward
Feedforward
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Anticipated feedback
Anticipated feedback
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Tickling yourself
Tickling yourself
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Planning
Planning
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Reacting Brain
Reacting Brain
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Thinking Brain
Thinking Brain
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Motor Program: What is it?
Motor Program: What is it?
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Motor Programs: Role?
Motor Programs: Role?
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Motor Programs: Complete Plans?
Motor Programs: Complete Plans?
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Motor Programs: Not Just For Actions
Motor Programs: Not Just For Actions
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Open-Loop Control in Motor Control
Open-Loop Control in Motor Control
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Evidence for Motor Programs
Evidence for Motor Programs
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Inhibiting actions
Inhibiting actions
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Muscle activity in blocked movements
Muscle activity in blocked movements
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Major roles of open-loop organizations
Major roles of open-loop organizations
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Simple Reaction Time
Simple Reaction Time
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Complex Reaction Time
Complex Reaction Time
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Response Complexity Effects
Response Complexity Effects
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Feedback in Motor Control
Feedback in Motor Control
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Comparator in Closed-Loop Control
Comparator in Closed-Loop Control
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Effector in Motor Control
Effector in Motor Control
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Feedforward Control
Feedforward Control
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What initiates movement?
What initiates movement?
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The Reacting Brain
The Reacting Brain
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The Thinking Brain
The Thinking Brain
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Reaction Time
Reaction Time
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Contractility
Contractility
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Excitability
Excitability
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Central Fatigue
Central Fatigue
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Muscle Fatigue
Muscle Fatigue
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Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC)
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC)
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Muscle Stimulation
Muscle Stimulation
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Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
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Invariant Features of GMP
Invariant Features of GMP
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Parameters of GMP
Parameters of GMP
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Relative Timing
Relative Timing
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Movement Time
Movement Time
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Movement Amplitude
Movement Amplitude
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Open-Loop System
Open-Loop System
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Storage Problem (Motor Program Theory)
Storage Problem (Motor Program Theory)
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Novelty Problem (Motor Program Theory)
Novelty Problem (Motor Program Theory)
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Study Notes
Motor Learning - PHY4518
- Course information: Mount Royal University, PHY4518, Motor Learning, Fall 2024, Week 6, Dr. Zoe Chan.
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
- Plyometric training: high-effort power training with a forceful eccentric phase followed by an explosive concentric reversal.
- Increased tissue stiffness allows for more elastic energy storage.
- Static stretching: decreases muscle-tendon complex stiffness.
- Absorb and dissipate force.
- More stiff: can store and release more energy.
- More compliant: can store and release less energy.
Controlling Force Output
- Rate coding: increase firing rate of motor units.
- Summation of force.
- Motor unit recruitment: Type I -> Type IIa -> Type IIx.
- Simultaneous contraction of multiple motor units.
- Mix and match of strategy: increase firing of motor units (rate coding) combined with high force production and recruitment of more motor units.
Today's Learning Objectives
- Understand how the central nervous system (CNS) creates and initiates a motor action, and how it responds to feedback.
- Compare open-loop and closed-loop control.
- Identify evidence for the existence of motor programs.
Before the Motor Command
- Movement planning begins with intent to move.
- Two main systems contributing to initial intention and planning: the reacting brain and the thinking brain.
The Reacting Brain
- Limbic system (multiple regions of brain): memory, emotional control, motivation, hormonal regulation, instinctual processes.
- Emotional motor responses: can initiate from sensations or from own mind.
- Paths for emotional motor responses: direct to brainstem or basal ganglia/cortical areas for modification.
The Thinking Brain
- Motor plans are planned and initiated from a cognitive frame of reference.
- Direct cognitive control and executive decision-making.
- Movement is planned from: association cortex (parts of cerebral cortex), basal ganglia, cerebellum.
- Factors taken into account: movement goal, memory, emotional state, sensory info (recent and long ago movements), outcome predictions, variability considerations, relayed to motor cortex via thalamus.
Motor Programs
- Motor programs: pre-structured set of movement commands that define and shape movements (created and stored within CNS).
- Responsible for grading timing and coordination of muscular activity.
Control of Movement: Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop
- Two ways in which movements could be controlled: open-loop, closed-loop.
- Open-loop: instructions for the effector system are determined in advance and run off without feedback.
- Closed-loop: involves feedback, error detection, and error correction.
Open-Loop Control: General Concept
- Actions are initiated but do not change in response to success or failure (do not use feedback).
- Effective in stable environments.
- Example: traffic lights.
Open Loop Control in Motor Control
- Instructions are compiled by the CNS in advance of a movement.
- Motor program is sent to the muscles.
- Movement is executed without requiring further feedback.
Motor Programs as Open-Loop Systems
- Many rapid/discrete movements are controlled this way.
- No time to process feedback about errors.
- Movement is planned in entirety.
- Example: baseball swing.
Evidence for Motor Programs
- Reaction time (response complexity effects, startled reactions).
- Deafferentation (does not affect motor pathways).
- Central pattern generator (areas of brainstem or spinal cord).
- Inhibiting actions (point of no return).
- Muscle activity in blocked movements.
Reaction Time: Complex Responses
- Simple reaction time (RT) measures information processing.
- More complex responses have slower RTs.
Reaction Time: Startled Reactions
- Reaction time is tested in conditions involving regular beeps and loud startling horns.
- Correct movement is performed in both conditions; startled reactions are faster.
- Same motor program applies, but startled reactions are faster.
Deafferentation Experiments
- Severing afferent nerve bundles does not affect basic motor functions.
- Monkeys can perform various tasks (climb, play, groom, feed, balance).
- Some difficulty with fine finger control.
- This suggests that motor control theories do not rely entirely on sensory information.
Central Pattern Generator
- Areas of the brainstem or spinal cord.
- Control genetically defined movement patterns (e.g., swimming, chewing, walking).
- Initiated even without sensory feedback.
- Very similar to motor program operation.
Inhibiting Actions
- Experiments involve stopping movements after initiation.
- Point of no return exists (150-170ms before movement begins).
- Example: baseball check swing.
Muscle Activity in Blocked Movements
- Participants extend their elbows and EMG signals for agonists (triceps) and antagonists (biceps) are measured.
- Results show similar muscle activity in blocked movements and normal movements.
Major Roles of Open-Loop Organizations
- Determine muscle contraction timing, force, and duration.
- Organize degrees of freedom of muscles and joints.
- Determine necessary postural adjustments.
- Modulate reflex pathways to ensure movement goals are achieved.
Control of Movement: Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop(2)
- Two ways in which movements could be controlled: open-loop, closed-loop.
- Definitions of open-loop and closed-loop.
Closed-Loop Control Systems: General Concept Example
- Desired state is set, sensory info is measured and compared to the expected temperature.
- Any difference is recognized as an error.
- Error is transmitted to the control system to address the error.
- The commands are executed by the effector system (i.e. the furnace).
- The action returns the system to the desired state.
- This process continues.
Closed-Loop Control in Human Performance
- Reaching for a cup involves feedback from visual and proprioceptive information to adjust hand posture.
- Differences in the hand's location and desired location are identified as errors.
- The executive system corrects potential errors by adjusting the effector system.
- Movements are controlled with feedback mechanisms.
Closed-Loop Control in Human Performance(2)
- Inputs such as stimulus identification and response selection are critical to controlling movements.
- There are proprioceptive and exteroceptive feedback mechanisms to indicate current state and anticipated feedback to direct future actions.
Closed-Loop Control: Feedforward
- Anticipated feedback is also referred to as feedforward information.
- Sensory consequences are expected to arise.
- Tickling oneself.
- Example: force escalation between siblings.
Limitations of Closed-Loop Control Models
- Feedback processing is slow.
- Tracking tasks/bouncing football examples.
- Discrete rapid tasks are not feasible.
Motor Program Theory: Closed-Loop and Open Loop Control
- Closed loop = open loop with feedback.
- Most motor tasks are a complex blend of open and closed-loop control, dominated by one or the other based on task requirements.
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Description
Dive into the principles of motor learning with a focus on the stretch-shortening cycle and controlling force output. Explore how plyometric training enhances muscle performance through elastic energy storage and neuromuscular recruitment strategies. This quiz will test your understanding of key concepts presented by Dr. Zoe Chan at Mount Royal University.
