Motor Learning - PHY4518 Week 6

<p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the intention to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refining and moderating movement based on planned actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A defined set of movement commands stored in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-loop incorporates real-time feedback for adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for memory and emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External factors from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using memory to inform movement goals and strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as the relay station for sensory and motor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates actions that do not adjust based on results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A traffic light that continues its pre-set cycle despite an accident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New motor programs for each movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning the trajectory of a baseball swing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are most effective in stable environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It compiles instructions for movements prior to action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is insufficient time to process errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By pre-planning the entire swing including speed and timing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control genetically defined movement patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to perform complex tasks without sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Startled reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the fastest of all movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty with fine finger control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instructions are determined in advance and executed without feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement cannot be inhibited once initiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve feedback and error correction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marks the moment when a movement can no longer be stopped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar patterns of muscle activation despite one condition being blocked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The timing and force of muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correcting errors during the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-loop control operates without feedback while closed-loop control uses it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparator</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate errors in movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipated feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipated feedback matches actual feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze sensory input and correct errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors are identified and corrections made</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparator</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch-shortening cycle = High-effort power training with energy storage Static stretching = Decreases stiffness of muscle-tendon complex More compliant = Can store and release less elastic energy More stiff = Can store and release more elastic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I recruitment = Lower force generation Type IIa recruitment = Moderate force production Type IIx recruitment = High force generation Mixed recruitment = Combination of different muscle types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system = Emotional control and motivation Cerebral cortex = Planning and initiation of movements Basal ganglia = Refining movement execution Reacting brain = Instinctual motor responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate coding = Increase firing rate for summation of force Motor unit recruitment = Contraction of multiple motor units at once High force production = Predominant strategy of rate coding Voluntary contractions = Control of muscle force intentionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intention to move = Initial drive to initiate movement The thinking brain = Cognitive processes in planning The reacting brain = Sensory-driven responses to stimuli Two main systems = Both cognitive and emotional contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-loop control = No feedback for corrections during movement Closed-loop control = Feedback is used to adjust movements Feedforward control = Anticipation of feedback before execution Point of no return = Critical stage after which adjustments cannot be made</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic feedback = Internal sensations during the movement Extrinsic feedback = Outside knowledge of performance Anticipated feedback = Predicted outcomes based on experience Error correction feedback = Used for adjusting future actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plyometric training = Combines eccentric and concentric actions Static stretching = Used for flexibility and tissue compliance High-effort power training = Focus on generating maximal force Forceful eccentric phase = Key component of elastic energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparator = Identifies the difference between desired and actual state Effector = Carries out the commands to achieve desired state Executive = Processes sensory information and makes decisions Sensor = Gathers data about the actual state of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proprioceptive feedback = Information from muscles and joints Exteroceptive feedback = Information from external environments Anticipated feedback = Expected sensory consequences of actions Actual feedback = Real sensory outcomes from movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error Identification = Recognizes discrepancies between desired and actual states Response Selection = Determines the appropriate action to correct errors Motor Program = Plans and initiates movement based on selected response Movement Execution = Carries out the planned motor action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-loop control = Relies on feedback to adjust actions Open-loop control = Preprogrammed actions that do not utilize feedback Feedforward control = Anticipates feedback before movement execution Negative feedback loop = Corrects errors by adjusting actions based on actual state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaching for a cup = Closed-loop control with feedback Swinging a bat = Open-loop control with preprogrammed actions Balancing on one leg = Closed-loop control involving proprioceptive feedback Walking on a straight line = Feedforward control anticipating movement outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proprioceptive feedback = Feeling muscle tension during movement Exteroceptive feedback = Seeing the target while reaching Anticipated feedback = Expecting resistance when pushing an object Actual feedback = Realizing a miss when throwing a ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparator = Monitors the difference between desired and actual outcomes Executive = Analyzes sensory input and makes decision adjustments Effector = Executes the desired movements based on decisions made Sensory info = Provides data critical for movement correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-loop system = Utilizes feedback to maintain control over processes Feedforward system = Uses anticipated outcomes to guide movements Negative feedback = Corrects deviations from the desired state Error detection = Identifies and corrects discrepancies in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex = Direct cognitive control and executive decision making Basal Ganglia = Grading, timing, and coordination of movement Cerebellum = Refining movement after initial commands Brain Stem = Relaying motor signals to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-loop control = Movement initiated without feedback Closed-loop control = Movement adjusted based on feedback Pyramidal tracts = Direct motor command from motor cortex to muscles Extrapyramidal tracts = Involvement of additional brain structures in movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement goal = Defines the intended action Memory = Stores past experiences for reference Emotional state = Influences motivation for movement Sensory info = Provides context for movement planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor Program = Pre-structured set of movement commands Motor Cortex = Initiates motor plans for movement Association Cortex = Integrates sensory information with motor commands Thalamus = Relays information between sensory input and motor response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrete movements = Defined actions with clear beginning and end Continuous movements = Actions that flow without a distinct start or stop Serial movements = A sequence of discrete actions Feedback-based learning = Adjustment of movements based on outcomes and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex = Plans and initiates movements Basal Ganglia = Modifies movements based on various factors Cerebellum = Ensures smooth and precise execution Brain Stem = Coordinates reflexive motor actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback = Used to correct errors in closed-loop systems Feedforward = Predicts outcomes before executing movements Reaction time = The interval between stimulus and response Motor learning = Process of improving motor performance through practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple reaction time = Involves one movement response Complex reaction time = Involves multiple movement responses Startled reaction time = Faster response due to unexpected stimulus Regular reaction time = Slower response with predictable stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Current sensory input = Real-time adjustments based on environment Past experiences = Learning from previous movements Cognitive appraisal = Evaluation of emotional readiness Movement variability = Account for differences in execution across trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deafferentation = Severing afferent nerve bundles Motor pathways = Remain unaffected during deafferentation Fine finger control = Difficulty experienced post-deafferentation Grooming = Activity deafferented monkeys can still perform</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swimming = Pattern controlled in fish Chewing = Pattern controlled in hamsters Walking = Pattern controlled in humans Slithering = Pattern controlled in snakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light finger lift = 150 ms Finger lift and slap ball = 195 ms Complex finger movement = 208 ms Motor program reaction = Faster during startled reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular beep = Predictable reaction time Loud horn = Increases startled reaction speed Target hit = Motor program executed Beep sound = Triggers movement response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased complexity = Results in slower reaction time Simple tasks = Require less planning Multi-step tasks = Require longer reaction times Reaction time testing = Varies with movement complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocked movements = Show altered muscle activity Motor control = Can function without sensory input Startled reactions = Utilize the same motor program Fine motor tasks = Show difficulties post-deafferentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swimming in fish = Controlled by a central pattern generator Walking in humans = Coordinated movement pattern Chewing in hamsters = Involves rhythmic movement Slithering in snakes = Genetically defined movement pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traffic Light Cycle = Open-Loop Control Athlete Adjusting Based on Opponent's Move = Closed-Loop Control Shooting a Free Throw in Basketball = Open-Loop Control Adjusting Swing Based on Ball Speed = Closed-Loop Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid Movements = Often utilize open-loop systems Discrete Movements = Require a complete motor program Error Processing = Limited in open-loop scenarios Planning = Crucial for executing open-loop movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseball Swing = Controlled entirely in advance with no feedback Running a Race = Involves adjustments based on environmental feedback Keyboard Typing = Requires anticipation and can be pre-planned Dribbling in Basketball = Involves continuous feedback and adjustment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Execution of Movement = Spinal Cord Decision Making = Brain Response Selection = Central Nervous System Input Processing = Sensory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedforward Control = Anticipatory adjustments without current feedback Corrective Feedback = Used to modify ongoing motor actions Anticipated Feedback = Predicted response based on prior experience Real-Time Feedback = Information received during an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of Feedback = Typical in open-loop systems Use of Feedback = Essential in closed-loop systems Complete Planning = Required for rapid discrete movements Adjustment Mechanism = Characterizes closed-loop control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-Loop Control = No feedback and pre-set instructions Closed-Loop Control = Involves feedback and error correction Feedback = Used to compare actual state with desired state Executive System = Decides actions to eliminate errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Point of No Return = Moment beyond which a movement cannot be stopped Agonist Muscle = Muscle primarily responsible for movement Antagonist Muscle = Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist Muscle EMG = Measured to assess muscle activation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor Instruction = Commands sent to execute a movement Execution Phase = Physical carrying out of the planned movement Identification of Stimulus = Recognizing the cue for movement initiation Processing Phase = Evaluation and decision-making based on input</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseball Check Swing = An example of a longer movement time Finger Lifting Experiment = Inhibition of movement after initiation Bicep Pull Experiment = Organizing muscle movements for action Elbow Extension = Comparison of normal and blocked movement conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-Loop Organization = Determines muscle contraction timing and force Postural Adjustments = Supports upcoming actions to maintain balance Degrees of Freedom = Organizes multiple movement variables into a single action Reflex Pathways = Modulates actions to achieve movement goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desired State = The goal to be achieved by the system Sensitivity Measurement = Detects differences from the desired state Error Transmission = Informs the executive system of discrepancies Executive Decisions = Determines how to correct errors detected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Feedback = Informs about the effects of movements made Error Feedback = Indicates discrepancies from the desired outcome Feedforward Control = Anticipates necessary adjustments before movements Reflex Feedback = Immediate responses to sensory inputs during action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor Program Release = Execution of an entire movement sequence Deafferentation = Loss of sensory feedback without stopping movement Movement Complexity = Increases reaction time and planning demands Initiated Action = A movement that has begun and cannot be reversed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plyometric training increases tissue stiffness, allowing for higher energy storage, while static stretching reduces tissue stiffness and the ability to store energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The firing rate, also known as rate coding, affects the summation of force, enabling greater overall force production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reacting brain involves instinctual and emotional responses that influence movement initiation, while the thinking brain engages in conscious planning and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CNS generates a motor plan through the integration of intention to move, involving the reacting and thinking brains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruiting motor units in the order of Type I, Type IIa, then Type IIx optimizes force production and energy efficiency for varying levels of exertion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain integrates emotional states as part of the movement planning process through the association cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia modify and fine-tune motor plans before they are executed by the motor cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information from both recent and past movements influences the development of motor programs by providing feedback for prediction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum helps ensure balance and coordination by refining movements after they are initiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thalamus relays processed sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex, aiding in the execution of movement commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The open-loop control system executes movements based on pre-structured commands without feedback, while closed-loop incorporates feedback to adapt movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During open-loop execution, movement is planned quickly and initiated based on stored motor commands without conscious attention to each action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot adapt to changes or errors during the execution of a movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor programs are responsible for planning and executing movements without continual feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain compiles instructions in advance to guide the movement execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is insufficient time to process feedback about movement errors during rapid actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback is not utilized in open-loop systems; they operate based on pre-set motor programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It disregards the change and continues with the pre-set movement cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the stage in a movement after which it cannot be altered or adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They execute movements without real-time adjustments based on feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is most effective in stable environments where conditions do not change unexpectedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased movement complexity results in slower reaction times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Startling participants generally produces faster reaction times compared to regular cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deafferentation shows that motor pathways can function without direct sensory feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Central Pattern Generator is a neural network responsible for generating rhythmic movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monkeys experienced difficulties with fine finger control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex responses require more extensive planning time, contributing to slower reaction times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of sensory information challenges the notion that it is essential for motor control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CPGs facilitate automatic and rhythmic control of walking and similar movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The point of no return marks the stage where an action cannot be altered once initiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-loop control systems execute actions without feedback, while closed-loop control systems utilize feedback to adjust and modify ongoing actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A quick, discrete movement like hitting a baseball.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate and execute a movement without feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'point of no return' refers to the time point during motor program execution when it's no longer possible to stop or modify the action. This is significant because it demonstrates the pre-programmed nature of motor programs and their reliance on internal planning rather than real-time adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-loop control systems rely on feedback processing, which takes time. This would mean that rapid, discrete movements, which occur too quickly for feedback to be processed and utilized, would be difficult to execute under a closed-loop system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipated feedback is predicted by the system, while feedback is actually received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most motor tasks involve a complex blend of both open-loop and closed-loop control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'reacting brain', primarily driven by the limbic system and basal ganglia, handles quick and automatic responses to stimuli, often rooted in emotions. On the other hand, the 'thinking brain', involving the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, is responsible for planning, decision-making, and conscious control of movement based on goals, memory, and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the firing frequency of motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Summation of force refers to the combined force generated by multiple motor units being activated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stretch-shortening cycle leverages the elastic properties of muscle-tendon units to enhance power production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-loop control does not utilize feedback, meaning that it cannot adjust or correct movements based on errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the desired state with the actual state and determine any error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Feedforward' refers to the system's ability to predict and anticipate future sensory feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-loop control systems are not adaptable to changing environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While closed-loop control is essential for maintaining a stable motor output, open-loop mechanisms are also present to provide the initial instructions and execute the movement plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor learning involves creating new motor programs and refining existing ones, making movements more efficient, precise, accurate, and adaptable to various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above are key factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imagine learning to throw a dart at a target. By receiving feedback on each throw, such as the distance and direction from the target, you can adjust your grip, stance, and throwing technique accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers