Chapter 7: Motor Disorders and Developmental Frameworks

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Questions and Answers

What types of skills are included in motor disorders?

Fine motor, gross motor, and visual-motor skills (correct)

Only gross motor skills

Cognitive skills only

Visual-motor skills exclusively

Which disorder is NOT classified as a motor disorder?

Stereotypical movement disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (correct)

Tourette disorder

Developmental coordination disorder

In Piaget's theory, what is emphasized during the sensorimotor stage?

The development of abstract thinking

Social interactions as a primary learning tool

Understanding through sensory perceptions and motor activities (correct)

Language acquisition and verbal communication

When do neuromotor functions primarily play a critical role according to Piaget's theories?

During the first two years of life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common component integrated with motor functions in learning tasks?

Integrated visual-spatial constructs Signup and view all the answers

Which model provides a foundation for understanding developmental functions and processes?

Developmental theories by Jean Piaget Signup and view all the answers

How do developing motor functions contribute across the life span?

They play a crucial role in learning at all developmental stages. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is least likely associated with the understanding of motor disorders?

Emphasis on linguistic abilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sensory integrative dysfunction?

Understanding sensory inputs from the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with dyspraxia?

Attention deficit disorder Signup and view all the answers

What does Edward struggle with in relation to math activities?

Performing calculations accurately Signup and view all the answers

What have Edward's teachers noted about his reading abilities?

He struggles with reading comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Edward's development is considered strong?

Understanding of vocabulary concepts Signup and view all the answers

What type of educational support does Edward have in place?

An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a difficulty faced by Edward?

Speaking fluently on topics Signup and view all the answers

How did Edward's cognitive abilities rank in comparison to his peers?

Average Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted area of delay for Edward in his assessments?

Visual-motor processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has NOT been mentioned as an issue for Edward?

Strong reading comprehension Signup and view all the answers

What outcome resulted from Edward's trial medication for attentional regulation?

No satisfactory results Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the occupational therapy testing for Edward?

To evaluate his visual-motor processing issues Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as a difficulty in Edward's written language skills?

Organization of sentences and paragraphs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of developmental coordination disorder?

Disorganization of movement Signup and view all the answers

Which term has NOT been used to describe developmental coordination disorder?

Hyperactivity disorder Signup and view all the answers

Children with developmental dyspraxia primarily struggle with which aspect?

Planning and organizing movements Signup and view all the answers

Which component of praxis is described as forming an idea from a previously learned movement?

Ideation Signup and view all the answers

How does dyspraxia primarily affect individuals?

Processes of movement organization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurological factors is NOT mentioned as influencing praxis?

Social environment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyspraxia involves difficulties with the production of speech sounds?

Verbal dyspraxia Signup and view all the answers

The process of executing a task to carry out ideas is referred to as what?

Execution Signup and view all the answers

What common learning issues are often associated with developmental coordination disorder?

Language impairments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'praxis'?

Movement link to cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of developmental dyspraxia compared to developmental coordination disorder?

Difficulties in organizing movement for specific purposes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of praxis ensures the coordination of sensory information with motor actions?

Sensory integration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between dyspraxia and different developmental stages?

Dyspraxia presents in varying ways across different developmental stages. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following professions might be most involved in diagnosing developmental coordination disorder?

Occupational therapist Signup and view all the answers

What is Edward's primary diagnosed condition that affects his motor skills?

Dyspraxia Signup and view all the answers

Which skill did Edward struggle with in a significant way, according to his assessment?

Riding a bicycle Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy was mentioned as part of Edward's educational interventions?

Sensory integration therapy Signup and view all the answers

What specific strategy did Edward use to assist him with reading?

Using a ruler to track text Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of writing did Edward's teachers focus on modifying?

Expected volume of written work Signup and view all the answers

How did Edward's educational program change after his diagnosis?

It was expanded to include specific interventions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skills did Edward particularly need to improve through targeted exercises?

Motor planning skills Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Edward's challenges while engaging in math-related activities?

Manipulating columns of numbers Signup and view all the answers

What behavior did Edward's parents frequently observe regarding his movements?

He often appeared uncoordinated. Signup and view all the answers

What type of accommodations were made to address Edward's writing speed?

Extended time on writing tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which method was used to help Edward increase his overall body awareness?

Physical education activities Signup and view all the answers

What did Edward's assessments indicate about his learning of age-appropriate skills?

He frequently does not perform them consistently. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the occupational therapist play in Edward's development?

Observing and advising on everyday functions Signup and view all the answers

Which method was NOT mentioned as part of Edward's writing interventions?

Focus on improving handwriting neatness Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main focuses of Edward's individualized training?

Utilization of word processing tools Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy was NOT implemented to help Edward improve organizational skills?

Engaging in competitive games Signup and view all the answers

What kind of learning environment was provided to Edward to help with attention and focus?

A highly structured learning environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes stereotypic movement disorder?

Repetitive but purposeless movements Signup and view all the answers

What interventions were included in Edward's IEP to enhance his learning?

Individualized and multisensory learning strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tics are characterized by involuntary sounds?

Vocal tics Signup and view all the answers

How did Edward's performance change as a result of the implemented interventions?

He began finding school more enjoyable Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach was utilized to enhance Edward's learning by building on previously learned material?

Spiraling learning approach Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of tics?

Sudden, involuntary movements or sounds Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the visual materials used for Edward's learning?

Simple formats without excessive stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of these movements is associated with stereotypic movement disorder?

Repetitive and purposeless actions Signup and view all the answers

What did Edward utilize to help him effectively write by hand?

Erasable pens and large grip pens Signup and view all the answers

What was a method suggested for Edward to demonstrate knowledge aside from written tests?

Oral presentations and oral tests Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tics?

They are involuntary and can be repetitive. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of motor tic?

Repetitive throat clearing Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic category requires both motor and vocal tics for a diagnosis?

Tourette disorder Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder from Tourette syndrome?

Only having motor or vocal tics, but not both Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is unique to Tourette syndrome and not commonly associated with other tic disorders?

Vocal tics like coprolalia Signup and view all the answers

How long must tic symptoms be present for a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome?

At least 12 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common comorbidity with Tourette syndrome?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the involuntary use of socially inappropriate words or gestures in Tourette syndrome?

Coprolalia Signup and view all the answers

To be diagnosed with provisional tic disorder, how long must symptoms be present?

Less than 12 months Signup and view all the answers

What type of tics can occur in individuals with persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder?

Motor or vocal tics, but not both Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tics is characterized by a series of movements performed in the same order?

Complex motor tics Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is excluded from consideration when diagnosing Tourette syndrome?

Use of medication Signup and view all the answers

Which category encompasses cases where symptoms of tics have lasted less than one year?

Provisional tic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature for diagnosing both types of tic disorders?

Onset before the age of 18 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motor Disorders and Neurodevelopmental Frameworks

Motor disorders encompass a range of difficulties related to fine motor, gross motor, and visual-motor skills, impacting learning and development.
Examples of motor disorders include developmental coordination disorder, dyspraxia, stereotypical movement disorder, tic disorders, and Tourette disorder.
Piaget's sensorimotor stage highlights the importance of developing neuromotor functions in the first two years of life, emphasizing the role of sensory perceptions and motor activities in early learning.
Neuromotor functions remain crucial throughout development and the lifespan, integrating with cognitive processes in various tasks.
Tasks such as writing, playing musical instruments, and athletics involve complex integration of neuromotor functions and cognitive processes.

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Developmental coordination disorder is characterized by impairments, immaturity, or disorganization of movement, impacting learning.
This disorder encompasses various specific terms such as motoric deficiency, minimal brain dysfunction, and clumsy child syndrome.
Individuals with developmental coordination disorder often experience problems in other areas, including language, learning disabilities, personality, and behavior.
Motor difficulties can also be associated with neurological conditions like cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Dyspraxia

Dyspraxia is characterized by difficulties in planning and organizing movement to achieve a predetermined goal.
This disorder stems from a disruption in the process of praxis, which involves ideation, motor planning, and execution.
Praxis connects cognitive processes with physical actions, requiring an integration of cognitive and motor functions.
Dyspraxia can affect various aspects of development, including intellectual, language, sensory-motor, emotional, and social functioning.

Types of Dyspraxia

Verbal dyspraxia involves difficulty in producing and formulating speech sounds, affecting speech fluency and word retrieval.
Sensory integrative dysfunction relates to difficulties in organizing sensory information, impacting the processing of senses like sight, hearing, and touch.
Dyspraxia often involves challenges in gross and fine motor skills, visual-motor skills, speech and language development, attention, general learning abilities, and social-emotional development.

Case Study: Edward

Edward, a 9-year-old boy, exhibits a history of developmental delays and academic difficulties, particularly in fine and gross motor skills.
Despite adequate cognitive skills and language processing abilities, Edward struggles with reading comprehension, written language, and math calculation.
Occupational therapy assessment reveals evidence of dyspraxia.
Edward's dyspraxia involves difficulties in ideation, motor planning, and execution, impacting his ability to plan and execute movements.

Educational Interventions for Dyspraxia

Interventions for Edward focus on perceptual-motor training, sensory integration therapy, and academic accommodations across reading, writing, and math.
Edward receives support in developing body awareness, motor planning and balance skills, fine and gross motor skills, and functional visual skills.
Strategies to enhance organization and planning skills are implemented, including the use of visual aids and graphic organizers.
Accommodations for written language include adjusting the volume, rate, and complexity of written work, providing extended time, and encouraging computer use.

Key Takeaways

Motor disorders can significantly impact learning and development, requiring comprehensive interventions.
Dyspraxia, a specific motor disorder, involves disruptions in planning and organizing movement, affecting a wide range of skills and abilities.
Understanding the nature and impact of dyspraxia is essential for developing effective educational interventions and supports.
Interventions should address multiple aspects of dyspraxia, including motor skills, sensory processing, and academic challenges, to facilitate positive developmental outcomes.

Edward's Educational Accomodations

Edward was taught writing strategies to break down writing tasks and organize ideas
His teachers provided feedback on his work and reinforced these strategies in class and during homework
Edward received individualized training in using word processing programs
He was offered alternative methods for presenting classwork and homework
Edward was allowed to take oral tests instead of written tests
He was encouraged to give oral presentations in class

Visual and Perceptual Accomodations

Visual materials for Edward were simple in format and uncluttered
He was assisted in planning and organizing tasks with visual cues
Teaching techniques started with individual parts and progressed to wholes
Edward was encouraged to use kinesthetic, visual, and manual manipulation
He had opportunities to reproduce three-dimensional objects
Edward used computer activities for visual-spatial and visual-motor skills

Attention and Focus Accommodations

Edward was provided with a highly structured learning environment
Information was broken down into brief, manageable, and meaningful units
Simple instructions were provided and he was checked for understanding
Edward's instruction utilized a spiral learning approach that reviewed previously learned material
A multisensory approach to learning was used to enhance learning

Edward's Interventions and Outcomes

Edward's IEP was modified to include new interventions, accommodations, and training.
He showed significant and noticeable gains in reading comprehension, written language abilities, and math skills
His overall daily performance and functioning in class progressively improved
Edward seemed to enjoy school more and felt more comfortable in his educational environments
He was able to connect and interact with peers positively

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Stereotypic movement disorder is characterized by repetitive, purposeless movements
Common movements include body rocking, head banging, hand shaking, and nail-biting
These movements must continue for at least 4 weeks and interfere with daily functioning
Atypical stereotypic movements are also seen in individuals with ASD, tic disorders, and other neurological conditions

Tic Disorders

Tics are sudden, involuntary twitches, movements, or sounds
Motor tics affect the eyelids, face, and can occur anywhere in the body
Vocal tics include involuntary grunting, throat clearing, shouting, and barking
Two types of tics are recognized: motor and vocal

Tic Disorder Classifications

There are four diagnostic categories of tic disorders: Tourette disorder, persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder, provisional tic disorder, and other specified and unspecified tic disorders
Tic disorders differ in type of tic (motor, vocal, or both) and duration of symptoms

Tourette Syndrome

Tourette syndrome is a neurological and neurodevelopmental disorder that becomes evident in early childhood or adolescence
Symptoms typically vary from person to person, ranging from mild to severe
Vocal tics can include involuntary grunting, throat clearing, shouting, and barking
Other clinical conditions, like ADHD and obsessive-compulsive disorder, may occur with Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome is characterized by both motor and vocal tics, with symptoms lasting at least one year
The tics occur frequently throughout the day and typically begin before the age of 18
Symptoms must not be due to medicine, drugs, or other medical conditions

Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

Individuals with persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder have symptoms present for at least one year
They have either motor or vocal tics but not both
Symptoms begin before the age of 18
The diagnosis is confirmed by ruling out Tourette syndrome and other medical conditions

Provisional Tic Disorder

Individuals with provisional tic disorder can have either motor or vocal tics, or both
Observable symptoms must not be present for longer than 12 months
The diagnosis is confirmed by ruling out other tic disorders and medical conditions

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Description

Explore the intricacies of motor disorders and their impact on neuromotor development. This quiz examines various motor disorders, such as developmental coordination disorder and the role of cognitive processes in motor skills. Understand the significance of Piaget's theories in early learning and motor function integration.