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Which factor contributes to the decrease in REM sleep as infants develop?
What characteristic of stylised voices is typically used by adults when talking to babies?
What is one of the functions of stylised facial expressions when interacting with infants?
Which activity is associated with the development of visual tracking in infants?
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What type of interaction is suggested to be innate in infants?
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At what age do infants begin to develop manual tactile exploration?
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Which factor significantly influences an infant's preferences for tastes?
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How can infants demonstrate their sensitivity to sound pertaining to language perception?
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What is a primary method used to study olfactory preferences in newborns?
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Which of the following correctly describes infants' crying as a communication tool?
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What type of sound are infants most likely to prefer?
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What is the primary sensory response observed in newborns when tasting something sweet?
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In cross-modal perception, infants are likely to do which of the following?
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What role does touch play in the emotional development of newborns?
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Which sensory focus is primarily developed in newborns for feeding?
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At what distance do newborns best focus their vision?
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What is a key factor influencing an infant's ability to discriminate between different sounds?
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How do infants demonstrate their olfactory preferences shortly after birth?
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What develops rapidly within the first few months of an infant's life concerning visual perception?
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Which of the following reflects a newborn's capability in auditory perception?
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What implication does maturation have on motor development in infants?
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What do newborns prefer to gaze at when first born?
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What aspect of postural stability is fundamental for motor development?
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What is a characteristic visual response seen in 2-month-old infants?
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What does the first stage of labour involve?
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What are some risks during birth for the infant?
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What are some examples of how delivery practices and setting can impact the infant? (Select all that apply)
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What does the APGAR test assess?
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What is ontogenic development?
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What is the name of the model that refers to how stressors add together until a threshold is reached above which problematic outcomes occur?
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What is the name of the model that describes developmental outcome as the result of the combined effects of stressors and protective factors?
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The progression of locomotor development from gross to fine movements is described as:
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What is the correct order of these gross motor milestones?
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Which is not an example of fine motor development?
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Which are methods of assessing infant perceptual abilities?
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At what age do infants typically start to distinguish facial expressions?
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At 4 months, infants shift from oral exploration to...
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What are the characteristics of affect attunement?
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Study Notes
Fine Motor Development
- Progression from reflexes to voluntary movements
- Grasp reflex integrates into voluntary release
- Swipe and palmar grasp transitions to pincer grasp
- Trunk stability is crucial for fine and gross motor development
- Second year marks voluntary and controlled release, enabling block tower building and scribbling
Maturation vs. Practice/Learning
- Maturationist view emphasizes genetic programming and universal unfolding
- Practice and environment influence the timing of development
- Deprived infants demonstrate the importance of environmental stimulation
- Cultural rearing practices can both restrict and enhance motor development
- Maturation is essential, but not sufficient for optimal development
Postural Stability
- Intermodal perception integrates visual, kinaesthetic, and vestibular information for postural reflexes
- Vision is fundamental for postural stability
- Early intervention is crucial for addressing developmental motor problems. Examples include postural experiences and scooter boards.
Sensory Processes
- Perception involves interpreting sensory input from sensory organs
- Mouth, hands, eyes, nose, ears, vestibular system, and kinaesthesis (proprioception) are key sensory modalities
- Kinaesthesis refers to knowing where your body is in space through joint and stretch receptors
Assessing Infant Perceptual Abilities
- Preferential looking paradigms observe infants' gaze preferences
- Habituation paradigms assess infants' responses to repeated stimuli
- Visual cliff paradigm tests depth perception
- Conditioning paradigms examine learned associations between stimuli and responses
Vision (1): Patterns & Contrasts
- Visual scanning tracks infants' eye movements
- Newborns have limited visual acuity, focusing on patterns and contrasts, especially edges.
- Colour vision develops rapidly in the first few months
- Two-month-olds scan more extensively, but still focus on contours and edges
Vision (2): Face Perception
- Newborns are drawn to faces, particularly those exhibiting movement, edges, solidity, and complexity.
- Two-month-old infants, but not one-month-olds, distinguish and prefer natural faces, including their mothers' faces.
- Facial expression recognition develops between 3 and 6 months.
Vision (3): Depth Perception
- Depth perception is a crucial aspect of visual development that allows infants to perceive the world in 3D.
Hearing & Auditory Perception (1)
- Newborns can distinguish the human voice
- Unborn fetuses can hear their mothers' voices, and neonates show preference for their mothers' voices by 4 days old.
- Familiar stories are recognized after prenatal exposure
- By 6 months, infants can discriminate pitch, tempo, contour, rhythm, and melody.
Hearing & Auditory Perception (2)
- Infants are sensitive to sounds related to language perception, specifically phonemes
- Habituation paradigms, such as the "Pa... Ba" experiment, demonstrate this sensitivity
- Newborns can localize sounds
- They prefer patterned sounds within the human voice frequency range
- By 1 month, they can distinguish between different sounds
Olfaction (Smell)
- Olfaction is highly acute at birth
- Head turning is used to assess infants' preference for their mothers' breast pads
- Two-day-olds respond randomly, while 6-day-olds and older infants consistently turn toward their mothers' breast pads.
Taste
- Newborns can discriminate among basic taste qualities
- Sweetness elicits satisfaction, smiling, and sucking
- Sourness triggers lip-pursing, nose wrinkling, and blinking
- Bitterness results in dislike, spitting, and vomiting movements
- Early taste exposure may influence food preferences
Touch, Temperature, Pain
- Touch is crucial for exploration and emotional development.
- Newborns primarily explore orally, but manual exploration emerges by 4 months
- Manual tactile exploration becomes dominant after 4 months.
- Tactile sensitivity is demonstrated through reflexes.
- Infants are sensitive to temperature and experience pain.
- Recent research using MRI imaging shows that infants do feel pain, and their threshold may be lower than that of adults.
- Stroking provides pain relief.
Inter (Cross) Modal Exploration
- Intermodal perception combines information from different senses for a richer perceptual experience
- Infants reach toward objects that are visually interesting
- They turn towards sounds of interest to visually locate the source
- They mouth objects that capture their visual and tactile attention.
Inter (Cross) Modal Integration
- Combining information from different senses creates "amodal" representations
- Classic pacifier experiments demonstrate this integration (Melzoff & Burton, 1979)
- Infants suck on a dummy with a distinctive shape/texture
- They then look longer at pictures of the dummy they have sucked on.
Parent Child Reciprocal Interaction
- Parent-child interaction is vital for infants' development.
Crying
- Crying is a universal survival mechanism, but variations exist
- Different cries communicate different needs.
- Cultural and cohort differences influence beliefs about crying and soothing practices.
- Crying reflects a developmental trajectory and individual differences.
- Distressed infants often have compromised learning abilities.
- Regulation of crying is critical.
Sleeping
- Establishing an organized sleep-wake pattern is a key developmental task in the first three months
- Infants have short sleep/wake cycles that lengthen gradually
- Cultural differences exist in beliefs about night waking and co-sleeping practices
- Young infants spend more time in REM sleep, which decreases as they develop
- Sleep regulates sensory stimulation
- "Witching hour" fussiness is often attributed to overstimulation.
Stylised Voices
- Adults communicate with babies through stereotypical, stylized voices
- This includes raised pitch, exaggerated pitch and loudness changes, slow speed, and long pauses.
Stylised Facial Expressions (1)
- Adults use exaggerated facial expressions to initiate, maintain, and terminate interactions.
- These expressions include mock surprise, smiles, frowns, head aversion, gaze aversion, and neutral faces.
Stylised Facial Expressions (2)
- Stylized facial expressions are exaggerated in space and time.
- They are limited in repertoire and universal, forming part of "games" adults play with babies.
- Peek-a-boo and surprise games aid gross motor skills, visual tracking, social development, regulation, and object permanence.
Synchronised Interactions
- There is a natural temporal organization to infant behavior.
- Adults adapt their communication to match infants' rhythms.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of fine motor development, including the progression from reflexes to voluntary movements, and the role of postural stability. This quiz covers aspects such as the significance of maturation and environmental influences on motor skills. Additionally, learn about early intervention strategies for developmental motor issues.
