Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the factors that influence motor performance with their descriptions:
Match the factors that influence motor performance with their descriptions:
Heredity = Genetic factors affecting individual development Maturation = Natural growth and progression in physical abilities Experience (learning) = Skills acquired through practice and exposure Growth = Increase in physical size over time
Match the stages of brain and CNS development with their descriptions:
Match the stages of brain and CNS development with their descriptions:
Cell proliferation = Generating immature neurons Migration = Movement of neurons to different brain sites Integration = Interaction among neural groups Myelination = Covering of neural pathways for speed
Match the sequence of locomotion development with their order:
Match the sequence of locomotion development with their order:
Crawling = Body drag movement on belly Creeping = Movement on hands and knees Walking = Upright bipedal movement Running = Fast movement on foot
Match the types of reflex with their characteristics:
Match the types of reflex with their characteristics:
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Match the developmental stages of attention with their characteristics:
Match the developmental stages of attention with their characteristics:
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Match the types of skills with their descriptions:
Match the types of skills with their descriptions:
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Match the age limitations for peak performance with the skill type:
Match the age limitations for peak performance with the skill type:
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Match the four stages of prehension development with their sequence:
Match the four stages of prehension development with their sequence:
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Match the motor development terms with their definitions:
Match the motor development terms with their definitions:
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Match the stages in the development of brain and CNS with their descriptions:
Match the stages in the development of brain and CNS with their descriptions:
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Match the types of reflexes with their characteristics:
Match the types of reflexes with their characteristics:
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Match the types of locomotion development stages with their order:
Match the types of locomotion development stages with their order:
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Match the terms related to attention development with their characteristics:
Match the terms related to attention development with their characteristics:
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Match the growth directions with their descriptions:
Match the growth directions with their descriptions:
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Match the types of prehension development stages with their descriptions:
Match the types of prehension development stages with their descriptions:
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Match the age limits for peak performance with the skill types:
Match the age limits for peak performance with the skill types:
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Match the common reasons why reflexes are important with their functions:
Match the common reasons why reflexes are important with their functions:
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Match the sequence of motor performance with their stages:
Match the sequence of motor performance with their stages:
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What is the primary purpose of packing material in fractional distillation?
What is the primary purpose of packing material in fractional distillation?
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How is the Height Equivalent of Theoretical Plates (HETP) calculated?
How is the Height Equivalent of Theoretical Plates (HETP) calculated?
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Which factor increases the efficiency of fractional distillation?
Which factor increases the efficiency of fractional distillation?
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What is the final step for analyzing the collected distillate in the fractional distillation process described?
What is the final step for analyzing the collected distillate in the fractional distillation process described?
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During fractional distillation, the collected distillate is richest in which component?
During fractional distillation, the collected distillate is richest in which component?
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What mathematical relationship is used to determine the total number of plates from the molar ratio of the components?
What mathematical relationship is used to determine the total number of plates from the molar ratio of the components?
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Which chemical is NOT mentioned as part of the experiment related to fractional distillation?
Which chemical is NOT mentioned as part of the experiment related to fractional distillation?
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What precaution should be taken during the fractional distillation procedure?
What precaution should be taken during the fractional distillation procedure?
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What happens to the vapor as it rises in the fractional distillation column?
What happens to the vapor as it rises in the fractional distillation column?
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What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation?
What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation?
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When can simple distillation be effectively utilized?
When can simple distillation be effectively utilized?
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How is the total vapor pressure of a binary mixture calculated?
How is the total vapor pressure of a binary mixture calculated?
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What happens to the composition of the distillate during the first distillation?
What happens to the composition of the distillate during the first distillation?
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What is the vapor pressure of component A at the boiling point of the mixture if A is more volatile?
What is the vapor pressure of component A at the boiling point of the mixture if A is more volatile?
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What effect does performing multiple distillations have on the purity of component A?
What effect does performing multiple distillations have on the purity of component A?
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What formula would you use to calculate the percentage of component A in the vapor phase?
What formula would you use to calculate the percentage of component A in the vapor phase?
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If the mole fraction of A in the vapor phase after the first distillation is 0.658, what would be the mole fraction of B?
If the mole fraction of A in the vapor phase after the first distillation is 0.658, what would be the mole fraction of B?
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Study Notes
Motor Development
- Study of changes in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan
- Similarities exist between babies and older adults in terms of motor development, such as the need for support, the appearance of reflexes, and the gradual development of motor skills.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity (genetics) plays a role in determining an individual's potential for motor skills.
- Maturation (biological development) influences the timing and progression of motor skills.
- Development (cognitive and psychosocial growth) affects motor skill learning and adaptation.
- Experience (learning) shapes motor skills through practice and feedback.
- Growth (physical changes) impacts movement capabilities and limitations.
Brain and CNS Development
- Cell Proliferation: Generation of immature neurons in the brain.
- Migration: Movement of neurons to specific locations in the brain.
- Integration: Interconnection of neuronal groups, crucial for coordinated movements like foot-eye coordination.
- Differentiation: Specialization of neurons for specific functions and control.
- Myelination: Covering of neural pathways with myelin, increasing speed and precision of signal transmission.
- Cell Necrosis: Natural death of neurons, a normal part of development, with 40-70% neuron loss occurring during this stage.
Sequence of Growth and Control
- Cephalocaudal: Growth and control progress from head to toe. Infants gain control of their head before their feet.
- Proximal-distal: Growth and control proceed from the midline of the body outwards to the periphery. Infants develop control of their trunk before their fingers.
Skill Development
- Phylogenetic: Skills that are naturally acquired through evolution, such as grasping, creeping, crawling, and walking.
- Ontogenetic: Skills that must be learned, such as typing, dancing, and playing sports.
Reflexes
- Definition: Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to stimuli, initiated in the spinal cord.
- Infancy: Reflexes are gradually suppressed as voluntary control develops.
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Importance:
- Diagnostic tool for assessing neurological health.
- Starting mechanism for motor programs (building blocks for voluntary movement).
- Survival reflexes (e.g., sucking, rooting) ensure basic needs are met.
Reflex Categories
- Primitive reflexes: Rooted in subcortical areas of the brain, present at birth and often disappear within the first year.
- Postural reflexes: Help maintain posture and balance, often emerging after primitive reflexes.
- Locomotor reflexes: Mimic voluntary movements like crawling and stepping, present in infancy and potentially reappear in adult life.
Creeping vs. Crawling
- Creeping: Movement on all fours with the abdomen off the ground.
- Crawling: Body dragging movement, with the abdomen in contact with the floor.
- Sequence: Creeping typically develops before crawling.
Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)
- Palmar grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects.
- Pseudo opposition: Using the thumb and other fingers, but without true opposition.
- Thumb opposition: Using the thumb to oppose other fingers, allowing for refined grasping.
- Mastery: Advanced control of hand and finger movements, including precise manipulation.
- Effective release: Ability to voluntarily release objects.
Stages of Attention Development
- Over exclusive attention: Focusing on only one thing at a time, common in infants.
- Overinclusive attention: Focusing on many things at once, leading to difficulty filtering information, common in early childhood.
- Selective attention: Ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions, developing through childhood and adolescence.
Sequence of Locomotion Development
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
- Skipping
Peak Performance
- Fast Reflexes: Peak performance typically occurs in the 20s.
- Strength: Peak performance generally occurs in the 40s.
Adult Physical Function Loss
- Average adults lose about 30% of physical functioning between ages 30 and 70.
- Approximately 15% of this loss is due to lifestyle factors and is potentially preventable.
Motor Development
- Definition: The study of changes in growth (size), development (level of functioning), and motor performance (behavior) across the lifespan.
- Similarities between babies and older adults: Both display limitations in motor skills due to factors like physical decline and/or developmental stage.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Development
- Experience (learning)
- Growth
Brain and CNS Development Stages
- Cell Proliferation: Generating immature neurons.
- Migration: Neurons move to specific locations in the brain.
- Integration: Neural groups interact and coordinate. (Example: Foot-eye coordination)
- Differentiation: Progression of control and specialization.
- Myelination: Coating of neural pathways with myelin, increasing precision and speed.
- Cell Necrosis: Programmed death of neurons (approximately 40-70%).
Sequence of Growth and Control
- Cephalocaudal: Growth and control from head to toe, starting with control of the head and progressing to the feet.
- Proximal Distal: Growth and control from the midline of the body to the periphery.
Types of Skills
- Phylogenetic Skills: Skills that are naturally acquired (grasping, creeping, crawling, walking)
- Ontogenetic Skills: Skills that must be learned (typing, dancing, sports).
Reflexes
- Definition: Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to stimuli.
- Origin: Begin in the spinal cord.
- Fading of Infant Reflexes: Reflexes are suppressed as the nervous system develops.
-
Importance:
- Diagnostic tool
- Starting mechanism for motor programs
- Survival mechanism
-
Categories:
- Primitive Reflexes
- Postural Reflexes
- Locomotor Reflexes
Creeping and Crawling
- Definition: Creeping is all fours. Crawling is body dragging.
- Sequence: Creeping comes first.
Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)
- Palmar Grasp: A basic grasp using the entire hand.
- Pseudo Opposition: The thumb starts to assist in grasping objects.
- Thumb Opposition: The thumb is used in opposition with the fingers to grasp objects.
- Mastery: Advanced hand and finger coordination allows for fine motor control.
- Effective Release: The ability to release objects intentionally.
Stages of Attention Development
- Over Exclusive: Focusing on only one thing at a time.
- Over Inclusive: Paying attention to multiple things at once.
- Selective Attention: Being able to selectively focus on important information while disregarding distractions.
Development of Locomotion
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
- Skipping
Peak Performance
- Skills Requiring Fast Reflexes: 20s
- Skills Requiring Strength: 40s
Physical Function Loss in Adulthood
- Average Physical Function Loss (Age 30-70): 30%
- Lifestyle-Related Physical Function Loss: 15%
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography (GC)
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Objective: To separate a mixture of cyclohexane and toluene through fractional distillation and use Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the efficiency of the distillation process.
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Key Concepts:
- Distillation is used to separate liquids based on differences in boiling points.
- Fractional distillation is particularly effective for mixtures with closer boiling points.
- The efficiency of fractional distillation is measured through the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP).
- Gas Chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing components of a mixture based on their volatility.
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Materials:
- Cyclohexane, toluene, and dichloromethane
- Round bottom flask
- Vigreux column
- Hickman Head
- Water condenser
- Sand bath
- Thermometer
- Vial
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Procedure:
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Preparation:
- Measure 4 mL of a 50/50 mixture of cyclohexane and toluene into a round bottom flask.
- Assemble the distillation apparatus: Vigreux column, Hickman Head, condenser, and thermometer.
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Distillation:
- Gently heat the mixture in a sand bath to achieve a slow, steady boil.
- Collect the first few drops of distillate in a vial labeled "HETP fraction".
- Continue collecting distillate until you have collected 2 mL in total (this will be fraction 1).
- After collecting 2 mL, remove the flask from heat and allow the remaining liquid (fraction 2) to cool.
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GC Analysis:
- Prepare samples for GC analysis by adding 1 drop of each fraction (HETP fraction, fraction 1, and fraction 2) to 1 mL of dichloromethane.
- Run the samples on the GC.
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Preparation:
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Calculations:
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HETP:
- Measure the total height of the packing material in the Vigreux column.
- Calculate the HETP using the formula: HETP = (height of packing material) / (# of theoretical plates)
- The # of theoretical plates is determined from the ratio of cyclohexane (nC) to toluene (nT) measured by GC.
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Total # of Plates:
- Calculate the total number of theoretical plates from the GC-determined ratio of nC/nT using the formula: Total # of plates = [log(nC/nT)/log(2.33)]
- Subtract 1 from the total # of plates to account for plates due to the glassware.
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HETP:
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Safety:
- Be cautious of hot surfaces, avoid spills and use appropriate ventilation.
- Do not use open flames with volatile organics.
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Description
Explore the intricate aspects of motor development across the lifespan, focusing on how genetics, maturation, and experience shape motor skills. This quiz delves into the similarities observed between infants and the elderly, as well as the underlying processes of brain development affecting motor performance.
