Motor Development Patterns in Infants

Cephalocaudal pattern is when the head develops first, then the neck, then the trunk, legs, and feet. Proximodistal pattern is the development of the fine motor movements like small muscles and fingers.

By 1 month some neck control to lift head; 3 months trunk muscles develop and can begin to roll over; 6 months sit up on their own without support; 7 months legs are strong enough to crawl and can stand with support; 12 months they can begin to walk; 18 months walking around.

4-5 months upper arms to pick up, mitten hands; 10 months thumb and index finger aka palmar grasp; 15 months hold writing utensil and begin palmer grasp; 2-3 years tripod 3 finger hold possible; 4 years print recognizable large blocky letters; 5 years more control in smaller size and writing name; 6 years while alphabet upper and lower case along with numbers.

<p>Palmer grasp is mitten hands, pincer grasp is with the thumb and index finger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an interactive process with more than one element. It involves muscles, nerve pathways, physical growth, learning, and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hopi tribe used cradle boards where the baby is strapped to the mother's back for almost the entire day. The average child was walking at 14 months, which did not impact how early a child walked though and they were still average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide the body with amino acids, which are the essential building blocks of growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats help store energy while also insulating the body's temperature and are important for brain development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malnutrition occurs when children do not consume enough calories and/or not getting enough proteins, vitamins, minerals, fats, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15% of Hispanic families, 8% of African American families, and 3% of Caucasian families were reported having no money for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stunted growth, lower intelligence, worse school performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overweight children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6-11 years old are the worst rates of child obesity, with about 26% of Mexican American boys and 23% of African American girls being overweight. Children living below the poverty line are 25% more likely to be overweight than other children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls automatic functions in the body, regulates activity of higher brain levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelination is the growth of the myelin sheath around the axon, which speeds up the axon and may triple the speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic pruning is the elimination of synapses. The brain begins to shrink, and by age 2, a child has too many, inducing pruning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age 10, and the article was about an albino sparrow he observed at the park.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How children reasoned and the difficulties they encountered, mistakes they made, reasons for these mistakes, the methods that children came up with to get the right answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He realized that children were active in their thinking instead of passive. He found that even young children made real attempts to understand and answer questions and developed a clinical interview method to explore their thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Children develop the ability to use animism and artificialism; however, they only focus on one aspect of the problem and do not understand different concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and thoughts, while artificialism is the belief that natural events or objects are under the control of people or superhuman agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two identical glasses with the same amount of liquid. Ask the child if they are the same amount. Add a taller glass and pour one of the previous glasses into it, then ask the child again. The child will say there is more in the new glass because it is taller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete operational children will get it right because they can focus on multiple aspects of the problem, while preoperational children will only focus on one aspect, such as the height of the glass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decentered, reversibility, and operational dynamic transferring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imaginary audience is the belief that others are as concerned about one's thoughts and feelings as they are. Personal fable is the belief that one's own experiences and feelings are unique and cannot be understood by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffolding is support during learning or assisting a child. An example is a construction building with scaffolding on the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group learning and small tasks are foundations utilized within education systems, emphasizing that learning is social and not done alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans are limited in the amount of information they can process, and when a limit is reached, errors or forgetfulness occurs. We deal with this by developing learning strategies to free up more cognitive space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to focus on a particular stimulus without getting distracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of responses improves, as well as the ability to attend selectively and use attention strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small amount of information that can be held and used in some tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarities include limitations on the amount of memory used; differences lie in the mechanics of how memories are stored and retrieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capacity is 5-9 chunks of information for about 30 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is unclear if capacity increases, but strategies improve. A child's ability to attend impacts their knowledge, for instance, in reading where children chunk letters, then words, then phrases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most researchers agree that when a memory reaches long-term storage, it is permanent, but accessing it is another challenge. Infants can recognize objects and people and make associations between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infant's working memory is not fully developed yet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-lasting memories of personally experienced events that hold significant personal importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older children are more organized and detailed in their descriptions, providing context and background information about past events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The more you know about a topic, the more you can remember about it. For example, knowing about Pokemon allowed a babysitter to better understand and engage with the children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older children perform active rehearsal, while younger children use a passive style, making it less effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preschoolers use passive rehearsal, while elementary schoolers use active rehearsal and begin using organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cat was introduced to children, and then a dog mask was placed on the cat, followed by repeating the question about the cat's identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-year-olds thought the cat was now a dog, while 5-6-year-olds recognized Maynard was still a cat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simplifying tasks or training does not help because they go based on appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross cultural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production systems involve computer 'if-then' statements while connectionist models believe knowledge is stored in pieces and focus on activation between synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connectionist models use units, links, and layers where signals activate memories for retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both models involve units and links, with activation processes to retrieve memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers