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Questions and Answers
Which area is primarily responsible for sensory processing in the context of movement observation?
Which area is primarily responsible for sensory processing in the context of movement observation?
What pathway is responsible for carrying sensory information from the fingers and hand to the central nervous system?
What pathway is responsible for carrying sensory information from the fingers and hand to the central nervous system?
In the context of motor control, what does 'feedforward control' primarily refer to?
In the context of motor control, what does 'feedforward control' primarily refer to?
Which structure is responsible for activating hand and forearm muscles?
Which structure is responsible for activating hand and forearm muscles?
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What does Hedmann’s Model for movement observation analysis primarily emphasize?
What does Hedmann’s Model for movement observation analysis primarily emphasize?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of upper-extremity (UE) function?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of upper-extremity (UE) function?
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What factors are indicated to affect upper-extremity function according to the content?
What factors are indicated to affect upper-extremity function according to the content?
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Which task is NOT specifically mentioned as a component of upper-extremity function?
Which task is NOT specifically mentioned as a component of upper-extremity function?
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What is a critical aspect of retraining motor control in upper-extremity functions?
What is a critical aspect of retraining motor control in upper-extremity functions?
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Which of the following best describes the attentional demands of upper-extremity tasks?
Which of the following best describes the attentional demands of upper-extremity tasks?
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Which theory suggests that the CNS activates agonist muscles based on perceived distance of the target?
Which theory suggests that the CNS activates agonist muscles based on perceived distance of the target?
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What does Fitt's law indicate about movement time in relation to distance and accuracy demands?
What does Fitt's law indicate about movement time in relation to distance and accuracy demands?
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How does the Dual Task Paradigm affect movement in reaching tasks?
How does the Dual Task Paradigm affect movement in reaching tasks?
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In Location Programming Theories, how does the CNS manage the stiffness of limb muscles?
In Location Programming Theories, how does the CNS manage the stiffness of limb muscles?
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Which brain areas are noted for influencing motivation and the decision-making in motor tasks?
Which brain areas are noted for influencing motivation and the decision-making in motor tasks?
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What is the main role of the primary motor cortex in motor processing?
What is the main role of the primary motor cortex in motor processing?
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Which area is primarily involved in planning intention and decisions related to movement?
Which area is primarily involved in planning intention and decisions related to movement?
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In the context of sensory processing, what does the dorsal column/medial lemniscus primarily do?
In the context of sensory processing, what does the dorsal column/medial lemniscus primarily do?
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How does the cerebellum contribute to motor control?
How does the cerebellum contribute to motor control?
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What is the purpose of somatosensory receptors on fingers while grasping an object?
What is the purpose of somatosensory receptors on fingers while grasping an object?
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What distinguishes an egocentric spatial frame from an allocentric spatial frame?
What distinguishes an egocentric spatial frame from an allocentric spatial frame?
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What role do the basal ganglia play in motor processing?
What role do the basal ganglia play in motor processing?
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Which process helps maintain grip force during movement to ensure accuracy?
Which process helps maintain grip force during movement to ensure accuracy?
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What is the primary role of feedforward (anticipatory) control in movement?
What is the primary role of feedforward (anticipatory) control in movement?
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Which system is primarily responsible for feedback (reactive) control?
Which system is primarily responsible for feedback (reactive) control?
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What aspect of motion is critical in the kinematics of reach and grasp?
What aspect of motion is critical in the kinematics of reach and grasp?
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Which two components interact during the process of reaching for a target?
Which two components interact during the process of reaching for a target?
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How do proprioceptive signals from eye muscles aid in movement?
How do proprioceptive signals from eye muscles aid in movement?
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What does the velocity profile in kinematics indicate?
What does the velocity profile in kinematics indicate?
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What facilitates the coordination of eye, head, and trunk movements during targeting?
What facilitates the coordination of eye, head, and trunk movements during targeting?
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What aspect of sensory information is utilized in both proactive and reactive control?
What aspect of sensory information is utilized in both proactive and reactive control?
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What is the primary role of visual feedback during reaching movements?
What is the primary role of visual feedback during reaching movements?
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How does the lack of vision affect accuracy in hand movement?
How does the lack of vision affect accuracy in hand movement?
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Which component of grasping relies heavily on the corticospinal pathways?
Which component of grasping relies heavily on the corticospinal pathways?
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What role does proprioception play during grasping?
What role does proprioception play during grasping?
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Which part of the motor system is primarily associated with encoding the intention or goal of a movement?
Which part of the motor system is primarily associated with encoding the intention or goal of a movement?
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Which aspect of motor development develops earlier than grasp and hand manipulation?
Which aspect of motor development develops earlier than grasp and hand manipulation?
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What happens to transport movements in individuals with corticospinal injury?
What happens to transport movements in individuals with corticospinal injury?
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What distinguishes the encoding of visual coordinates from body reference coordinates in the motor system?
What distinguishes the encoding of visual coordinates from body reference coordinates in the motor system?
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Study Notes
Neural Contributions to Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation
- The course is DPT 425 Functional Neuroscience, Fall 2024 at Saint Joseph's University.
- The primary resource for the information is Shumway-Cook and Woollacott Motor control text, Chapter 17.
- Students will describe upper extremity functions and neural contributions to upper extremity (UE) reach, grasp, and manipulation.
Introduction
- Upper-Extremity (UE) function is the basis for fine motor skills and plays a role in gross motor skills.
- Recovery of function is an important aspect of retraining motor control.
- Contextual factors, including environment and individual, impact upper-extremity function.
- UE function is integrated into most self-care, work, and household activities.
International Classification of Function (ICF)
- The ICF is a framework for understanding health conditions.
- It links health conditions to body structure and function, activities, and participation.
- Body Structure and Function: Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions
- Activities: Mobility (carrying, moving, handling objects), Tasks (self-care, domestic life, real-world activities)
- Participation: Self care (dressing, feeding, domestic life), Activities in real world situations
Sensorimotor Processing for Eye, Head, and Hand Coordination
- Constraints of individual, type of task, and specific environmental constraints determine sensorimotor processing for eye, head, and hand coordination.
- The goal is to understand how the central nervous system (CNS) controls UE movements.
What is Going on in the Brain?
- Visual cortex, Posterior Parietal Association area, Somatosensory Cortex, Prefrontal area, Premotor cortex, Primary motor cortex, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Spinal cord, Motor neurons, Sensory receptors, Spinal cord pathways, Somatosensory cortex, play important roles in processing information for reach, grasp, and manipulation.
Hedmann's Model for Movement Observation Analysis
- The model outlines the stages of movement observation, including initial conditions, preparation, initiation, execution, and termination.
- Key aspects include posture, ability to interact with the environment, stimulus identification, response selection and programming, timing, amplitude, direction, stability, and smoothness.
Motor Control Principles
- Feedforward and Feedback control are discussed in the lectures.
- Motor program theory is equal to open and close loop control concepts.
- Visual systems are highly involved in feedforward (anticipatory control).
- Somatosensation plays a role in feedback (reactive control).
Feedforward versus Feedback Control of Movement
- Efficient reaching involves both feedback and feedforward control processes.
- Feedforward (anticipatory) control builds on past experience to predict the consequences of sensory information.
- Feedback control compares sensory input to a reference signal, identifying discrepancies and correcting errors reactively.
Role of Sensory Information in Anticipatory Control (Feedforward) of Reaching and Grasping
- Visual: Locating and determining the initial direction of the reach, characteristics of the object to be grasped, referencing hand location, and object location. Visual accuracy decreases with lack of vision.
- Somatosensory: Determining initial position and coordinating limb segments (e.g., how body and limbs are initially positioned).
Role of Sensory Feedback to Reach and Grasp
- Visual: Attaining final accuracy in reaching, accurate but slower with feedback. Visual feedback doesn't have much impact during grasping.
- Somatosensory: Simple movements don't need constant feedback, but complex movements do. Feedback loops are necessary to correct limb deviations for accurate grasps and manipulation.
Motor System in Reaching and Grasping- Execution of Movement
- Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex receive input from posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to plan, locate, direct/place movement, and determine characteristics of the intended action (e.g., grasp type).
- Evidence suggests PPC encodes visual information in visual reference or coordinates, and premotor cortex encodes more in body reference or coordinates.
Two Separate Descending Pathways for Reaching and Grasping
- Motor development for reaching and grasp occurs early, while grasp and hand manipulation develops later in relation to the maturation stages of the corticospinal tract.
- Individuals with corticospinal injury show impairments in grasp and manipulation but transportation is intact.
- "Transport" component is related to distance and location (Shoulder and elbow), proximal control includes midbrain and brainstem structures (reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts)
- Grasp "hand precision" component involves wrist and hand pathways, relaying on corticospinal pathways.
Musculoskeletal Contributions
- Complex relationship between neural and musculoskeletal systems, with changes in range of motion (ROM), strength, or muscle tone affecting neural commands.
- Movement compensation occurs when there are limitations in ROM, strength, or muscle tone (e.g., elbow extension range of motion).
- Scapular control plays a role in reaching and grasping, influencing arm movement and arm stabilization.
Postural Support of Reaching and Grasping
- The postural system maintains upright orientation and alignment of postural segments as part of arm movement, in anticipatory and feedback control processes.
- Anticipatory and reactive postural adjustments are considered in postural control.
Motor Control Elements
- Posture is controlled by medial activation, with medial spinal tracts playing a role.
- Reach movement is controlled by rubriospinal and reticulospinal pathways.
- Grasping and manipulation is controlled by corticospinal pathways.
Grasping Patterns
- Power grip uses finger and thumb pads directed to the palm to transmit force.
- Hook grip, spherical grasp, and cylindrical grasp are other types of grips.
- Precision grip uses fingers and thumbs to transmit force.
Anticipatory Control of Grasp and Lift
- Grip formation occurs during transport in anticipation of grasping
- Hand adapts to object size and shape
- Finger movements are timed in relation to the object's transport
- The nervous system anticipates grip based on weight, surface characteristics, and the need for lifting
- Cerebellum plays a role in predicting forces to maintain grasp.
- Feedback loops adjust motor adaptations for slip errors and store force predictions.
Coordination of Reach and Grasp
- Reach and grasp are kinematically coupled movements.
- Invariant features of movement include timing of transport and hand opening, which may represent rules stored in the CNS
- Other elements, such as direction, distance, and speed of grasp types, are modulated by initial task conditions.
Reaction Time (RT)
- Reaction time (RT) measures sensorimotor processing before movement.
- RT is a useful tool for measuring discrete tasks like reaching.
Simple versus Choice Reaction Time
- Simple reaction time involves a single stimulus-response relationship.
- Choice reaction time involves multiple stimuli-response possibilities, which takes more time.
Fit’s Law of Movement
- The relationship between movement time and accuracy when varying distance and target size of movements. Increased time increases with increased distance and accuracy demands.
- The relationship shows that movements take longer time the greater the distance and accuracy demands.
Theories of Reaching Control
- Distance Programming Theories: CNS activates agonist muscles based on perceived distance, relying heavily on initial visual perception.
- Location Programming Theories: Limb muscles act like springs, with the CNS adjusting stiffness as needed for precise location and target contact.
Interference Between Reaching and Cognitive Tasks
- Dual task paradigm compares motor task and cognitive task interference in relation to reach precision and attending to visual stimulus such as reading, and reaction time. Movement time does not change, suggesting that movement planning is affected by the cognitive task
Prefrontal Cortex and Limbic System Influences
- The prefrontal cortex and limbic system are involved in reaching and grasping. The prefrontal cortex is involved in stopping actions and behaviors as well as analyzing behavior in the context of goal-directed movement.
- Limbic system is responsible for explicit memory learning, emotion, and drive.
Conceptual Mapping of Neural Control of Reach and Grasp
- A conceptual map for neural control of reach and grasp should include visual cortex (target location, identification, planning, sensory processing), posterior parietal association area (formulation of internal models, egocentric reference, sensorimotor transformation), prefrontal area (determining environmental goal, planning movement, selection of motor plan and sequence), Premotor cortex (selecting motor plan and sequences), primary motor cortex (commands of movements, judging grasps force and sequence), and Cerebellum (correcting movement errors, maintaining grip force).
Extrapolate Reaching and Grasping Research
- Mechanisms of reaching and grasping identified can be applied to other upper extremity tasks like picking up a spoon and feeding and overhead throwing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of motor control and sensory processing relevant to upper-extremity function. This quiz covers essential theories, models, and the neuroanatomy involved in movement observation and control. Challenge yourself with questions about feedforward control and the factors affecting upper-extremity functions.
