Motor Control and Apraxia

• The caudate nucleus is involved in voluntary movement.
• The putamen is involved in voluntary movement.
• The globus pallidus is involved in voluntary movement.
• The motor association cortex in the parietal lobe receives information about spatial location.
• Monosynaptic stretch reflex: A muscle contracts in response to being quickly stretched.
• Polysynaptic stretch reflex: Spinal reflexes involving more than one synapse.
• Mesencephalic locomotor region: Stimulation causes alternating movement of limbs during locomotion.
• Defensive behaviors encompass threat behaviors and actual attacks against a threatening animal.
• Submissive behaviors indicate acceptance of defeat.
• Predation involves a member of one species attacking a member of another.

Apraxia

• Apraxia refers to movement deficits.

• Damage to the frontal or parietal cortex can cause apraxia.

• Limb apraxia involves movement of the wrong part of the limb.

• Electromyogram (EMG) records electrical potential from electrodes placed on or in muscle.

• Electro-oculogram (EOG) records electrical potential from eyes using electrodes placed on the skin around them.

• Alpha activity is 8-12 Hz and associated with relaxation.

• Beta activity is irregular, 13-20 Hz, and associated with arousal.

• Theta activity is 3.5-7.5 Hz

• Sleep spindles are short bursts of 12-14 Hz activity.

• K complexes are sudden, sharp waveforms.

• Delta activity is less than 4 Hz and constitutes 20-50% of activity.

• Constructional apraxia involves difficulty in drawing pictures/diagrams or making geometrical constructions.

• Serotonin promotes NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.

• Catatonia is a state of abnormal movement and behavior.

• Tardive dyskinesia involves involuntary facial movements like lip smacking and tongue rolling.

• Acetylcholine promotes wakefulness and REM sleep.

• Orexin stabilizes wakefulness.

• A circadian rhythm is a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process.

• Nightmare disorder involves recurrent disturbing nightmares.

• Hypopnea involves repeated airway obstruction during sleep.

• Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions.

• Central sleep apnea involves breathing stops during sleep due to brainstem dysfunction.

• Zeitgebers are stimuli that reset the biological clock.

• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a hypothalamic nucleus containing the biological clock.

• Melanopsin is a photopigment in retinal ganglion cells.

• Parasomnias are abnormal behaviors during sleep.

Facial Feedback & Face Processing

• The facial feedback hypothesis states that feedback from facial muscle contractions can affect people's moods and alter autonomic nervous system activity.
• The fusiform face area is involved in facial recognition.
• The ventral premotor cortex is home to mirror neurons.