Questions and Answers
What are the cognitive and behavioral strategies aimed at when protecting a valued goal?
Individuals automatically activate temptation-related thoughts in response to goal cues.
False
What does precommitment entail in behavioral strategies?
Pursuing goals and forgoing temptation.
These self-control processes can benefit individuals' long-term interests, either __________ or without conscious awareness.
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What is the result of our behavior each day?
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How is a goal defined?
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Can the desired end state of a goal be clearly defined?
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What underlies all our goals?
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What is motivation?
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What can intrinsic motivation stem from?
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What can extrinsic motivation come from?
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What motivates a student who works hard because learning is pleasing?
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What motivates a student to get good grades?
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What do social psychologists recognize about goal pursuit?
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What are the products of goal pursuit and motivations?
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What can activate or prime a goal?
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What does conscious activation involve?
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What is nonconscious goal pursuit?
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What does commitment to a goal stem from?
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One's commitment = the ______ of the goal × the ________ it will be achieved.
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What can the process of committing to a goal occur without?
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How do people learn about themselves?
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What intrinsic motivation might someone feel while working on a Mars mission?
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After a kickboxing class, what might you infer about your own commitment?
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What influences adherence to a goal in any given context?
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What might people sometimes order to keep up with dietary goals?
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How is each goal connected?
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What do each goal have corresponding to help achieve it?
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What can cues related to a goal activate?
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What happens to motivation after goal priming?
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What influence does the presence of a training partner have?
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What aspects can the activation of a goal influence?
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What fundamental aspect can motivational states alter?
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What can goals exert strong influence on?
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What do individuals striving to quench their thirst rate more positively?
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How do people evaluate goal-relevant objects?
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What effect can achievement-related words have on performance?
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What can priming a goal lead to?
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What does self-regulation refer to?
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What is one way someone might alter their actions to assist goal attainment?
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What must a person decide in the deliberative phase of self-regulation?
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What mindset fosters effective assessment of goals?
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What occurs in the second stage of self-regulation?
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One tends to be _______ and ______ about available goals to pursue.
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What can scrutiny of one's choices sometimes hinder?
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What should be considered when deliberating on a goal?
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What two distinct self-regulatory orientations are distinguished?
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What mindset does a person have in the implemental phase?
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What might one do to follow a health goal?
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What characterizes prevention-focused individuals regarding their goals?
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What does a prevention focus emphasize?
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How do promotion-focused individuals view their goals?
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What does a promotion focus view goals as?
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What kind of strategy does promotion lead to?
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Why do promotion-focused people save money?
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Why do prevention-focused people save money?
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What will emphasize potential losses motivate?
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What will emphasizing potential gains motivate?
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What does self-regulation depend on?
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What happens after determining the gap in self-regulation?
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What does the discrepancy relate to in goal pursuit?
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What creates a signal of positive feelings in the cybernetic process?
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What negative feelings may lower the rate of closing the gap?
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How might you feel if nearly finished with a project?
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What do positive feelings tend to make individuals do?
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What results from perceived value and attainability of a goal?
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How might you feel the day before a project's due?
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What can looking back on goal progress inform?
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What does progress describe in goal pursuit?
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What do people tend to prioritize after achieving a goal?
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What can happen when people interpret previous actions as a sign of progress?
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What motivates individuals to continue behaving financially responsibly?
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What does greater confidence in commitment often lead to?
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What might you feel if you view buying a sale item as progress toward saving money?
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What do we encounter in the pursuit of our goals?
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What is self-control?
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What does self-control involve?
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What is a process requiring self-control during distractions?
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How is self-control akin to a muscle?
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What leads to greater cognitive and social competence throughout life?
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What did researchers find about children who could wait longer for a treat?
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What can deplete individuals of resources during goal pursuit?
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What does ego-depletion refer to?
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What were participants who resisted temptation in a study less likely to do?
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What does exerting self-control reduce?
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What is vital for successful exercise of self-control?
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What is required to pursue goals in the presence of temptation?
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What happens if you don't recognize contradictions to long-term goals?
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What do everyday temptations often seem to have?
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When are people more likely to recognize self-control conflicts?
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What do consistent temptations become when viewed in a broader context?
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What increases the likelihood of conflict identification?
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What does cognitive process involve in self-regulation?
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Study Notes
Goals and Motivation
- Behavior daily stems from numerous goals individuals aim to achieve.
- A goal represents a desired outcome, revealing how individuals envision their ideal situations.
- Goals may be clearly defined, like reaching Mars, or abstract, such as leading a healthy lifestyle.
- Motivation underpins all goal-directed behaviors, acting as the psychological force driving actions toward goals.
Types of Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation arises from the enjoyment of the goal pursuit itself, such as learning.
- Extrinsic motivation stems from the benefits of achieving goals, like the prestige of being the first on Mars.
Goal Pursuit
- Goal pursuit is influenced by both personality traits and external situational factors.
- Environmental cues, like images or sounds, can activate or prime specific goals in an individual’s mind.
- Activation of a goal can occur with conscious awareness or can be nonconscious, where individuals are unaware of their motivation.
Commitment to Goals
- Commitment is linked to the perceived value and feasibility of reaching a goal; individuals prefer goals that promise positive outcomes.
- The formula for commitment is the value of the goal multiplied by the expectancy of achieving it.
- Commitment can develop without thorough deliberation, often leading individuals to learn about their preferences through observation of their own behaviors.
Environmental Influences
- The immediate environment affects goal adherence, with situational cues renewing motivation and guiding goal-related behavior.
- Goals are interconnected, often linked to means or actions aiding the attainment of those goals.
Motivation and Perception
- Goal activation can significantly affect behavior perceptions, evaluations, and emotional responses.
- Motivational states can alter fundamental aspects such as visual perception, influencing how individuals assess their environment and its relevance to their goals.
Self-Regulation and Control
- Self-regulation involves adjusting perceptions, feelings, and actions towards a goal.
- Self-control allows individuals to manage impulses and desires to align with long-term goals, like health or financial stability.
- Self-control operates like a muscle; it can be fatigued through use but strengthened over time.
Development of Self-Control
- Research indicates persistent self-control leads to better cognitive and social outcomes over a lifetime.
- Individuals who exhibit higher self-control in childhood tend to perform better socially and academically in adolescence.
Self-Control Conflicts
- Identification of self-control conflicts is crucial to navigating temptations; if individuals fail to recognize links between actions and long-term goals, they risk deviating from their objectives.
- Successful goal pursuit amid temptation involves recognizing impulses that require management.
Behavioral Strategies
- Cognitive strategies include diminishing the allure of temptations while enhancing the value of goal-consistent actions.
- Precommitment strategies, such as leaving credit cards at home, help curb temptations.
- Behavioral approaches might involve establishing rewards for goal achievement and penalties for indulgence, reinforcing self-discipline.
Influence of Goals on Behavior
- The pursuit of goals can shape individuals’ evaluations and attitudes toward their surroundings, altering perceptions positively or negatively based on goal relevance.
- People often reinterpret previous actions as indicators of commitment or progress, which affects future behaviors toward their goals.
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Description
This quiz features flashcards focusing on the concepts of motives and goals in psychology. Each card presents a key term or definition related to how we set and perceive our goals. Ideal for anyone studying psychology or looking to enhance their understanding of motivation theories.