Motivation in Second Language Learning

L2 motivational self system = Tested in a variety of learning environments over the past five years R. C. Gardner's traditional concept of integrativeness = Compared to the ideal L2 self in studies Ideal L2 self = Found to explain the criterion measures better than R. C. Gardner's concept Future self-guides and images = Only looked at their motivational capacity so far

Secondary school pupils = The system works equally well for them University students = The system works equally well for them Adult language learners = The system works equally well for them Researchers = They have employed and tested the L2 motivational self system

Studies on the L2 motivational self system = Supports the validity of the theoretical construct Studies comparing R. C. Gardner's concept and the ideal L2 self = Ideal L2 self explains the criterion measures better Studies on future self-guides and images = Only looked at their motivational capacity so far Studies on different age groups = The system works equally well for all

Proposed system = Questioned if it's compatible with the dynamic and complex nature of motivation Possible selves = Present broad overarching constellations that blend together motivation Theoretical construct = The emerging picture consistently supports its validity Criterion measures = Ideal L2 self was found to explain them better

Dornyei & Ushioda, 2009 = Their selection of papers employed and tested the L2 motivational self system R. C. Gardner = His traditional concept of integrativeness was compared with the ideal L2 self Ideal L2 self = Found to explain the criterion measures better Motivational capacity = So far, only future self-guides and images have been looked at for this