Motivation and Emotion

• Chapter discusses motivation and emotion, covering basic concepts, biological bases, expressions, cultural influences, and management techniques.

Motivation and Emotion

• Goal is to understand human motivation, important motives, emotional expression, culture/emotion relationship and manage emotions.
• Emotion has taught mankind to reason.

Motivation Introduction

• Motivation plays a key role in human behavior by by causing behaviours which are caused by underlying motives.
• Behaviours are goal driven achieving persistent until goal is achieved.
• People plan different activities for goals.

Nature of Motivation

• Focuses on what "moves" behavior
• Motivation comes from Latin word 'movere', which means movement of activity.
• Motives enable predictions about behavior in situations that are different.
• Motivation is a determinant of behavior.
• Instincts, drives, needs, goals and incentives fall under motivation.

Motivational Cycle

• Psychologists describe motivational properties of behavior using "need".
• Need is lack/deficit of necessity.
• Condition of need leads to drive.
• Drive is a state of tension or arousal by a need.
• Drive energizes behavior, and when goal reduces drive, organism stops activity.
• Organism returns to a balanced state.

Types of Motives

• Two main categories: biological and psychosocial.
• Biological motives are physiological motives that are guided by physiology.
• Psychosocial motives are learned from environmental factors.
• Motives are interdependent, with biological/psychosocial factors triggering a motive in situations.

Biological Motives

• Biological approach is the earliest approach to understanding behavior.
• Organisms have needs which produce drive, stimulating behavior to achieve goals that would reduce the drive.
• Earliest explanations relied on instinct which are inborn, biologically determined behavior patterns.
• Instincts are innate tendencies that direct behavior.
• Hunger, thirst, and sex are basic biological needs essential for sustenance.

Hunger

• Need for food motivates getting food.
• May be triggered by many events inside/outside body.
• Stimuli include stomach contractions, low glucose, protein, and fat levels in blood.
• Liver sends nerve impulses if there it lacks bodily fuel.
• Aroma, taste and appearance of food may create desire to eat.
• Regulated by feeding satiety system in hypothalamus, liver and other body parts as well as external cues.

Thirst

• Thirst signals need for water.
• Mouth/throat become dry because of dehydration.
• Drinking water is necessary to wet a dry mouth.
• Internal the body processes control thirst and drinking.
• Water must get into tissues to remove dryness.
• Triggered by body conditions like water loss as well as reduction of blood volume.
• Anterior hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that generate nerve impulses for cell dehydration.

Sex

• Motivation for sexual activity is an influencing factor.
• Sex is more than a biological motive.
• Sexual Activity not necessary for individual survival.
• Homeostasis is not the goal of sexual activity.
• Sex drive develops with age.
• Depends on physiological conditions.
• Difficult to classify it as purely biological or not.

Psychosocial Motives

• Social motives are learned/acquired based on social interaction.
• Society provides influences on acquiring social motives.

Need for Affiliation

• Need Company and friends or want a relationship.
• People form groups based on similarities.
• Desperate to get close and seek help.
• Seeking closeness is called affiliation.
• Affiliation is aroused when threatened/helpless, or when happy.
• Those high in need seek company.

Need for Power

• Ability of a person to produce effects using their behavior or emotions to influence another.
• Goals are to influence, control, persuade, lead, charm, and enhance reputation.
• Described four ways of expressing power motive.
  • Gain from external sources - stars or figures.
  • Feelings of power from sources within- building up the body.
  • Impact as individuals - argue/compete to influence.
  • Impact as members of organizations.
• Expression variation may depend on age/experience.

Need for Achievement

• Urge to meet standards of excellence.
• Influences perception of situations.
• Children acquire achievement motivation during development.
• Social environment provides sources of motivation.
• Those high in needs prefer moderate challenges.
• Stronger than average desire for feedback to know how they are doing in order to to adjust goals.

Curiosity and Exploration

• People engage in activities without purposes they derive pleasure from anyway.
• Motivational tendency to act w/o specified goals.
• Tendency to seek novel experiences or information.
• Curiosity describes behaviors whose primary motive is the activity itself.
• Driven to explore and look for sensory stimulation of varying types.
• Constant need for stimulation which relates to curiosity.
• Bored with repetitive experiences; look for new.
• Small children become distressed, with the lack of stimulus or not being able to explore.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Presented by Abraham Maslow.
• Arranges needs in a hierarchy to portray human behavior.
• Theory of Self-Actualization.
• Bottom represents physiological for survival.
• Then the need to be free of danger.
• Then need to seek other people, to love and to be loved.
• Then the need to develop a sense of self-worth.
• Top reflects motive toward potential, self-actualization
• Self-aware, responsive, and novelty.
• Lower level needs dominate while unsatisfied.
• Higher needs occupy when satisfied.
• Few reach highest level.

Nature of Emotions

• Emotions are reactions to events.
• Emotions are complex.
• Emotion is a subjective feeling and experience varying from person to person.
• Six basic emotions experienced across cultures.

Expressions of Emotion

• Understand a friends emotions
• Not directly observed and are inferred which enables and individual to to express emotions and understand.

Culture and Emotional Expression

• Communication comprises spoken words and pitch.
• Voice are called 'paralanguage'.
• Includes Facial expression, gesture, and proxemics.
• Facial Expression is the common channels.
• Information given makes comprehension easier.
• Darwin's view is that expressions are inborn.
• Bodily Movements help in Facilitating communication of emotions.
• Influence, by cultures have been found.
• Different patterns of glaze behavior.
• Cultural differences of levels.
• The Tahitian language names anger with multiple different terms.
• Varied labels for emotions.

Managing Negative Emotions

• It is Difficult to image life without it.
• Key to effective social functioning.
• Important to achieve a balance of emotions.
• Enhance self-awareness by knowing the 'how' and 'why' of feelings.
• It is proposed to have preceded by evaluating the event.
• Feel stress by activating the nervous system.
• Decide whether it will be sad/anxious or happy/relaxed.
• Involves constant evaluation of accomplishments, states, vicarious experiences.
• Use this to enhance faith and enhance a wellness feeling.
• Repeatedly observe best parts of your performance and use them as inspiration for motivation.
• Viewing events differently, restructuring thoughts to enhance positive ones.

Managing Examination Anxiety

• Monitoring/taking action and blunting/avoiding the situation.
• Preparing Well will will reduce stress.
• Give ample time and familiarize with the pattern.
• Give a Sense of Predictability.
• Rehearsal/Mock Examination.
• Relaxed and then passing
• Inoculate/Exposure with rehearsals
• Positive thinking, faith.
• Structure thoughts by listing worries.
• Help from support.

Relaxation and Exercise

• Calming Nerves.
• Relax: Muscles focus.
• Mindful, minimise the flow.
• Activation will stimulate the Sympathetic Nervous system.

Managing Anger

• Managing Behavior function and state of anger.
• The Frustration of Motives is The major source of anger.
• Result from a individuals controlling though process.
• Power the mind and control the emotion.

Enhancing Positive Emotions

• Help adapt and improve the mental.
• Use Immediate action towards Stimuli.
• Harm the Immune system leading an health.
• Energize the Emotional, enhancing a social wellbeing.
• Better Preference for action with ideas.
• Greater the Capacity to Solve.

Summary

• Motivation is persistent behavior directed towards the specific goal.
• Two types being biological and psychosocial.
• Human needs arranged beginning to end starting at the most least important.
• Emotion is complex patterned that expresses with a arousal.
• Each Culture expressing emotions differently.
• Importance in expression with verbal and non verbal channels. and with Psychological well-being.