Motivation and Emotion Concepts

Motivation and Emotion Concepts

• Two-Factor Theory of Emotion: Physiological arousal triggers a cognitive appraisal, which then determines the emotion.
• A. L. Washburn's Balloon Study: Demonstrated a connection between stomach contractions and feelings of hunger.
• Affiliation Need: The fundamental need for social connection and belonging.
• Ancel Keys' Semistarvation Diet Research: Highlighted the interplay of appetite hormones and brain activity in maintaining weight.
• Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law): Optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal; high arousal hinders performance on challenging tasks and low arousal hinders performance on easy ones.
• Basal Metabolic Rate: The body's resting energy expenditure.
• Behavior Feedback Effect: Our behavior influences our emotions and thoughts.
• Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotional feeling and physiological response occur simultaneously and independently.

Physiological Mechanisms & Hormones

• Catharsis: The idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges.
• Cognitive Appraisal: Evaluation of a situation to determine its significance; crucial for emotional response.
• Cortisol: A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
• Drive-Reduction Theory: A physiological need creates tension (drive), motivating behavior to reduce that need.
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline): A hormone and neurotransmitter triggered by danger, crucial in physical responses to stress.
• Estrogens: Female sex hormones.
• Facial Feedback Effect: Facial expressions can trigger corresponding feelings.
• Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: Positive moods incline individuals toward helpfulness and altruism.
• Ghrelin: A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.
• Glucose: A type of sugar providing energy.
• Homeostasis: The body's tendency to maintain equilibrium.
• Insulin: A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels.
• Leptin: A protein secreted by fat cells, diminishing the pleasure of food.
• Lymphocytes (B & T): White blood cells; B lymphocytes fight bacteria, T lymphocytes combat viruses and cancer.
• Macrophages: Identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders.
• Norepinephrine: A chemical released as a stress response.
• Obestatin: A hormone that reduces hunger.
• Orexin: A hunger-triggering hormone.
• Oxytocin: Plays a role in childbirth and attachment and bonding.

Motivation Theories & Concepts

• Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow): A ranking of human needs from biological survival to self-actualization.
• Incentive Theory: External rewards motivate behavior.
• Instinct Theory: Innate factors drive behavior.
• James-Lange Theory: A physiological response to a stimulus precedes an emotion.

Psychophysiological Responses to Stress & Other Concepts

• Psychoneuroimmunology: The study of how stress affects the immune system.
• PYY: A digestive tract hormone signaling fullness.
• Relative-Deprivation Effect: Feeling worse off than those around us.
• Set Point/Settling Point: An individual's stable weight level.
• Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson): Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases of sexual arousal.
• Spillover Effect: Stress in one interpersonal context can increase strain in another.
• Stress Appraisal: Analyzing events for stress. Primary appraisal determines if a situation is threatening, secondary appraisal determines if you can cope with the threat
• Tend-and-Befriend Response: Coping with stress through social support.
• Testosterone: Male sex hormone.
• Fight, Flight, Freeze Response: The body's instinctive reaction to stress.
• Type A/B Personality: Friedman and Rosenman's terms for personality types based on behavior patterns.
• Thrill-and-Adventure Seeking: Seeking excitement from risky activities.
• Experience Seeking: Seeking excitement from non-conformity.
• Disinhibition: Escaping from societal norms through stimulation, such as excessive drinking.
• Boredom-Susceptibility: Prone to boredom.
• Neophobia: Dislike of new foods.
• Lewin's Conflict Theories: Approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and multiple approach-avoidance conflict situations.
• Lazarus Theory of Emotion: Cognitive appraisal leads to physiological and emotional responses simultaneously.
• Zajonc; Ledoux Theory of Emotion: Some emotional responses occur without conscious thought.
• Subjective Well-being: Self-perceived happiness and life satisfaction.
• Resilience: Adapting and overcoming challenging experiences
• Broaden and Build Theory: Positive emotions broaden awareness and consequently build skills and resilience.
• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: People adapt to new circumstances and evaluate their experiences relative to those previous experiences.
• Categories of Virtue: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence

Positive Psychology & Related Concepts

• Positive Psychology: The scientific study of flourishing and optimal functioning.
• Posttraumatic Growth: Positive changes emerging from challenging situations.

Explore key concepts in motivation and emotion, including theories such as the Two-Factor Theory and Cannon-Bard Theory. Learn about the affiliation need, arousal theory, and the interaction between appetite hormones and brain activity. Understand how our behavior influences our emotions and thoughts.