38 Questions
What is the primary focus of McGregor's Theory X?
The negative view of human nature and behavior
What is the main idea of Goal Setting Theory?
Goals increase performance and difficult goals result in higher performance
What is the primary characteristic of employees according to Theory Y?
They are creative and enjoy work
What is the goal of vertical expansion in job design?
To give employees responsibilities and controls formerly reserved for managers
What is the need for affiliation driven by?
The drive for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
What is the main assumption of Theory X?
Employees are lazy and avoid responsibility
What is the primary benefit of setting difficult goals?
It increases performance
What is the primary focus of job enrichment?
Expanding jobs vertically to increase autonomy
What is the primary goal of creating natural work units?
To increase employee 'ownership' of the work
What influences an individual's behavior according to the content?
The expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome
What is the purpose of establishing client relationships?
To establish direct relationships between employees and clients
What is the first question to ask according to the content?
How hard do I have to work to achieve a certain level of performance?
What is the purpose of the three questions to ask?
To understand employee motivation
What is the third question to ask according to the content?
How attractive is that reward to me, and does it help me achieve my personal goals?
What is the primary goal of motivation in an organization?
To direct a person's effort towards attaining a goal
Which of the following is an example of a higher order need according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Self-actualization
What is the primary difference between motivators and hygiene factors?
Motivators are intrinsic, while hygiene factors are extrinsic
According to McClelland's 3 Needs Theory, which of the following is an acquired need?
Need for achievement
What is the term for the measure of intensity, drive, and vigor in an individual's motivation?
Energy
Which of the following management practices is likely to enhance motivation?
Participation in decision making
What is the primary focus of Herzberg's 2 Theory, also known as the Motivation-Hygiene Theory?
Distinguishing between motivators and hygiene factors
Which of the following is an example of a lower order need according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological needs
What is the primary purpose of open feedback channels?
To provide employees with direct feedback on their performance
What is the main goal of designing jobs deliberately and thoroughly?
To reflect the demands of the changing environment and organization's technology
What is the primary difference between job enlargement and job enrichment?
Job enlargement increases job scope, while job enrichment increases job depth
What is the main concept behind Adams' Equity Theory?
Employees compare their job inputs and outcomes with others
What is the purpose of combining tasks in job design?
To put fragmented tasks back together to form a new work module
What is the primary purpose of Vroom's Expectancy Theory?
To explain how employees are motivated by the expectation of reward and recognition
What is the result of job enrichment?
Increased job depth and control over work
What is the primary goal of job design?
To design motivating jobs that increase employee satisfaction and morale
What is a common bias in motivation theories?
Cultural bias in motivation theories developed in the US
What motivates professionals?
Job challenge and support
What is an effective reward program for low-skilled and minimum wage workers?
Recognition program and sincere appreciation
What is a characteristic of open book management?
Sharing financial statements with all employees
What is a universal motivator according to Herzberg's motivation theory?
Desire for interesting work
What is a characteristic of pay for performance plans?
Variable compensation plans based on performance
What do contingent workers desire?
The opportunity to be permanent or receive training
What is a characteristic of employee recognition programs?
Personal attention and expressing interest and approval
Study Notes
Motivation
- Motivation is the process by which a person's effort is energized, directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal.
- Elements of motivation:
- Energy: measure of intensity, drive, and vigor
- Direction: channeled to benefit the organization or cause
- Persistence
Early Theories of Motivation
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
- Motivators: intrinsic factors that increase job satisfaction and motivation
- Hygiene factors: extrinsic factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but do not motivate
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Higher-order needs:
- Self-actualization: become what they are capable of becoming
- Esteem: internal factors such as self-respect, achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention
- Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship
- Lower-order needs:
- Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional harm
- Physiological: food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction, and other physical needs
McClelland's Three Needs Theory
- Three acquired needs:
- Need for achievement: drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of expectations
- Need for power: need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise
- Need for affiliation: drive for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
- Theory X:
- Negative view of people
- Employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform
- Theory Y:
- Positive view of people
- Employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and exercise self-direction
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Goal-Setting Theory
- Proposition that says goals increase performance, and difficult goals result in higher performance than easy goals
Designing Motivating Jobs
- Job enlargement: horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job scope
- Job enrichment: vertical expansion of the job, adding planning and evaluation responsibility
- Guidance to job design:
- Combine tasks
- Create natural work units
- Establish client relationships
Adams' Equity Theory
- An employee compares their job input-outcomes with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
- Individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual
Current Issues in Motivation
- Managing cross-cultural motivational challenges
- Motivating unique groups of workers:
- Diverse workforces
- Professionals
- Contingent workers
- Low-skilled and minimum wage workers
- Designing appropriate reward programs:
- Open-book management
- Employee recognition programs
- Pay for performance
This quiz assesses your understanding of management practices that enhance employee motivation, including participation in decision making, job design, and group relations. Test your knowledge of motivational elements and their impact on employee effort and goal attainment.
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