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Questions and Answers
According to Aristotelian physics, what primarily determines the natural motion of an object?
According to Aristotelian physics, what primarily determines the natural motion of an object?
- The weight of the object
- The object's initial velocity
- The external forces acting on the object
- The object's material composition (earth, air, fire, or water) (correct)
What is the key difference between Aristotelian and Galilean views on horizontal motion?
What is the key difference between Aristotelian and Galilean views on horizontal motion?
- Aristotle believed that horizontal motion requires continuous force, while Galileo suggested an object in motion stays in motion without needing continuous force. (correct)
- Aristotle focused on the effects of gravity, while Galileo focused on air resistance.
- Aristotle's view was based on mathematical models, whereas Galileo's was purely observational.
- Aristotle thought horizontal motion was natural, while Galileo considered it violent.
In Aristotelian physics, what is 'impetus' most closely related to in modern physics?
In Aristotelian physics, what is 'impetus' most closely related to in modern physics?
- Force
- Momentum (correct)
- Energy
- Inertia
What experimental result obtained by Galileo contradicted Aristotelian physics?
What experimental result obtained by Galileo contradicted Aristotelian physics?
How did Galileo study projectile motion, and what key insight did he gain from it?
How did Galileo study projectile motion, and what key insight did he gain from it?
Which statement best describes Galileo's contribution to the study of motion?
Which statement best describes Galileo's contribution to the study of motion?
What was the significance of the 'Scientific Revolution' mentioned in the text?
What was the significance of the 'Scientific Revolution' mentioned in the text?
According to Galileo, what factor(s) affect the time it takes for an object to fall vertically, assuming minimal resistance?
According to Galileo, what factor(s) affect the time it takes for an object to fall vertically, assuming minimal resistance?
How did Galileo use geometry in his studies of motion?
How did Galileo use geometry in his studies of motion?
What was the main difference between the views of the early Sumerians/Egyptians and the Greeks regarding the study of heavenly bodies?
What was the main difference between the views of the early Sumerians/Egyptians and the Greeks regarding the study of heavenly bodies?
Flashcards
Aristotelian Horizontal Motion
Aristotelian Horizontal Motion
Motion caused by an external push or pull; force must be continuously applied for motion.
Aristotelian Impetus
Aristotelian Impetus
The force that keeps a body in motion, gradually diminishes until vanishes and the object stops moving.
Galileo's Horizontal Motion
Galileo's Horizontal Motion
Object in motion stays in motion without needing a continuous force, assuming no resistance.
Galileo's Vertical Motion
Galileo's Vertical Motion
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Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
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Galileo's Acceleration Experiment
Galileo's Acceleration Experiment
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Independent Motion Directions
Independent Motion Directions
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Rate of Fall
Rate of Fall
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Study Notes
Motions of the Universe
- Describing motion involves noting changes in location and position.
- Early studies of motion, especially of celestial bodies, trace back to Sumeria and Egypt.
- Greece contributed by studying heavenly bodies systematically.
- Galileo Galilei revolutionized science during a period of significant scientific advancements in the 16th and 15th centuries known as the Scientific Revolution.
Aristotelian View on Motion
Natural Motion
- Natural motion is dictated by the object's composition of earth, air, fire, and water.
- Objects move according to their composition: fire rises through air to water and earth falls.
- A fifth element, "ether," was also part of Aristotelian physics.
Horizontal Motion
- Horizontal motion is violent, requiring a continuous push or pull.
- Motion ceases once the applied force is removed.
- Imposed motion necessitates constant force.
Projectile Motion
- Projectile motion combines horizontal and vertical components.
- An object moves parallel to the ground before falling.
- Impetus, a type of force, is imparted to a body when it moves.
- Projectile motion results from both natural and violent motion.
- An object's impetus is maintained until the initial force is dissipated.
Galileo's Views on Motion
Vertical Motion
- Absent resistance, objects fall at the same rate regardless of weight.
- Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s².
Horizontal Motion
- An object in motion continues indefinitely without needing a continuous force if unimpeded.
- The Earth's surface is considered infinitely flat for these purposes.
- This type of motion isn't evident because motion does not stop.
Projectile Motion
- Experiments involved uniformly accelerated motion.
- Inclined planes were utilized to study projectile motion.
- A first experiment dropping different weights of cannon balls showed they fell simultaneously, with no measurable difference.
- A second experiment, using an inclined ramp, measured acceleration and confirmed objects accelerate equally regardless of size and mass.
- Galileo quantified the "rate of fall" through measurements of time and distance.
- Motion measured in independent directions, namely horizontal and vertical.
- Galileo deduced that downward acceleration better measures the rate of fall.
- Geometry aided in a better description of motion, or kinematics.
- The path of projectile motion is parabolic.
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