Questions and Answers
How do we know particles are moving all the time?
We know particles are moving because of diffusion.
What happens to the motion of particles as temperature increases?
Particle motion increases when temperature increases.
What happens to the motion of particles as temperature decreases?
Particle motion decreases when temperature decreases.
What happens to volume when we increase or decrease the temperature?
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Why does volume change when temperature is increased or decreased?
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Describe the motion of particles in a solid.
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Describe the motion of particles in a liquid.
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Describe the motion of particles in a gas.
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Describe the motion of particles in a solid when it's heated.
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Describe the motion of particles in a liquid when it's heated.
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Describe the motion of particles in a gas when it's heated.
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Describe the motion of particles in a gas and liquid when they are exposed to cold.
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Describe a solid.
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Describe a liquid.
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Describe a gas.
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What is diffusion?
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What are some examples of diffusion?
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What are some things that influence diffusion?
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What are some problems caused by expansion and contraction?
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What are some ways engineers address expansion and contraction?
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Study Notes
Particle Motion and Temperature
- Particles are always in motion, demonstrated through diffusion, as seen in the perfume experiment.
- As temperature increases, particle motion increases, leading to greater kinetic energy.
- Conversely, when temperature decreases, particle motion slows down, resulting in lower kinetic energy.
Volume and Temperature Relationship
- Volume expands when temperature increases due to the increased distance between particles, called thermal expansion.
- Volume contracts when temperature decreases as particles move closer together, a phenomenon known as contraction.
Particle Motion in Different States
- In solids, particles are tightly packed, have limited movement, and primarily vibrate in place.
- In liquids, particles are more loosely packed, allowing them to flow around each other while maintaining a definite volume.
- In gases, particles are far apart and move freely, occupying the volume of their container.
Effects of Heating on Particle Motion
- Heating a solid increases the speed of particle movement, causing them to move farther apart and expand.
- Heating a liquid results in faster particle movement and greater spacing, increasing volume.
- In gases, heating causes particles to move more quickly in all directions and expand further.
Effects of Cooling on Particle Motion
- Exposure to cold temperatures results in loss of energy, causing both gas and liquid particles to move more slowly.
Characteristics of Matter
- Solids have a definite shape and volume, with closely packed particles that can only vibrate (e.g., ice).
- Liquids take the shape of their container, with particles that can flow past one another but are still close together (e.g., water).
- Gases possess neither definite shape nor volume and will occupy the volume of their container (e.g., steam).
Understanding Diffusion
- Diffusion occurs when particles move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, becoming weaker as they spread out.
- Examples of diffusion include the scent of sprayed perfume and the aroma of food while cooking.
Factors Influencing Diffusion
- Time: More time allows for greater diffusion.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase diffusion rates by providing more energy to particles.
- Particle Size: Smaller particles diffuse faster than larger ones.
- Distance: Shorter distances result in quicker diffusion.
Expansion and Contraction in Engineering
- Expansion and contraction can lead to structural issues if not properly managed during construction.
- Engineers implement joints in bridges to accommodate expansion and contraction of materials.
- Sidewalks are constructed in sections to allow for movement during temperature changes, preventing buckling and breakage.
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Explore the fundamentals of particle motion with these flashcards. Each card presents a key concept about how particles behave in different situations, such as temperature changes and diffusion. Perfect for students learning about physics or chemistry.