Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match each motion to the plane it typically occurs in
Match each motion to the plane it typically occurs in
Transverse plane = Abduction/Adduction Frontal Plane = Inversion/ Eversion Sagittal plane = Dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion Triplane (nonweightbearing) = Supination (adduction, inversion, plantarflexion); pronation (abduction, eversion, dorsiflexion)
Which plane does the equinus deformity occur in?
Which plane does the equinus deformity occur in?
- Sagittal plane (correct)
- Frontal plane
- Transverse plane
- Mid-Sagittal plane
Which plane does calcaneus occur in?
Which plane does calcaneus occur in?
- Frontal plane
- Transverse plane
- Sagittal Plane (correct)
- Mid-sagittal plane
Match each muscle compartment with its actions
Match each muscle compartment with its actions
The horizontal axis of the knee joint is at the intersection of the transverse and sagittal planes. The plane of motion of this joint is the frontal plane.
The horizontal axis of the knee joint is at the intersection of the transverse and sagittal planes. The plane of motion of this joint is the frontal plane.
Match each plane of motion to the motion and degrees it corresponds to for the hip joint
Match each plane of motion to the motion and degrees it corresponds to for the hip joint
What is the angle of femoral inclination (frontal plane) at birth and by age 4?
What is the angle of femoral inclination (frontal plane) at birth and by age 4?
Which of the following pathologies does not occur with coxa valga?
Which of the following pathologies does not occur with coxa valga?
Which of the following does not occur with coxa varus
Which of the following does not occur with coxa varus
What is the degree of femoral torsion or femoral declination at birth vs at age 4? (Transverse plane)
What is the degree of femoral torsion or femoral declination at birth vs at age 4? (Transverse plane)
If the angle of femoral declination is less than 10 degrees, what is it called? What position is it in?
If the angle of femoral declination is less than 10 degrees, what is it called? What position is it in?
What is the gait of a hip that has not reduced to 10 degrees of external motion?
What is the gait of a hip that has not reduced to 10 degrees of external motion?
What plane does the tibial ontogeny occur in?
What plane does the tibial ontogeny occur in?
What bones are involved in the knee joint?
What bones are involved in the knee joint?
What are the normal ranges of motion of the knee in each plane?
What are the normal ranges of motion of the knee in each plane?
What is the normal degree of tibial torsion at birth vs age 4?
What is the normal degree of tibial torsion at birth vs age 4?
What is a normal measurement for malleolar torsion?
What is a normal measurement for malleolar torsion?
What is not a part of OKC supination movement?
What is not a part of OKC supination movement?
What is not part of OKC pronation?
What is not part of OKC pronation?
What bones are involved in the ankle joint?
What bones are involved in the ankle joint?
What movements occur in CKC supination?
What movements occur in CKC supination?
Which of the following is not a CKC pronation movement?
Which of the following is not a CKC pronation movement?
What is the location of the ankle joint axis of motion?
What is the location of the ankle joint axis of motion?
Where does primary movement of the ankle joint occur (which plane?)
Where does primary movement of the ankle joint occur (which plane?)
What is the direction of motion of the axis of motion of the ankle joint?
What is the direction of motion of the axis of motion of the ankle joint?
What is the minimum ROM needed for movement in the ankle joint?
What is the minimum ROM needed for movement in the ankle joint?
What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?
What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?
What is the location of the axis of motion of the subtalar joint?
What is the location of the axis of motion of the subtalar joint?
What describes a high axis of motion of the STJ?
What describes a high axis of motion of the STJ?
Which of the following does not describe a lower axis of motion of the STJ?
Which of the following does not describe a lower axis of motion of the STJ?
The total minimum ROM of the STJ necessary for normal gait is 12°.
The total minimum ROM of the STJ necessary for normal gait is 12°.
STJ.ROM should be distributed 1/3 supination and 2/3 pronation.
STJ.ROM should be distributed 1/3 supination and 2/3 pronation.
What does a medially deviated STJ axis lead to?
What does a medially deviated STJ axis lead to?
What does a laterally deviated STJ axis lead to?
What does a laterally deviated STJ axis lead to?
What bones are involved in the MTJ
What bones are involved in the MTJ
Match each location of the axis of motion of the MTJ to its corresponding axis
Match each location of the axis of motion of the MTJ to its corresponding axis
What motions occur in the OMTJ axis?
What motions occur in the OMTJ axis?
What motions occur in the LMTJ axis?
What motions occur in the LMTJ axis?
A minimum ROM for the MTJ is not established. The MTJ is unlocked when the STJ is pronated
A minimum ROM for the MTJ is not established. The MTJ is unlocked when the STJ is pronated
What is the angle of talar torsion by birth vs at 4 years of age?
What is the angle of talar torsion by birth vs at 4 years of age?
Match each pathology to its compensation
Match each pathology to its compensation
Which of the following does not cause an inverted RCSP?
Which of the following does not cause an inverted RCSP?
Which of the following everts the RCSP?
Which of the following everts the RCSP?
What bones are involved in the 1st ray?
What bones are involved in the 1st ray?
What is the direction of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?
What is the direction of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?
What is the location of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?
What is the location of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?
As the first ray dorsiflexes it...
As the first ray dorsiflexes it...
What bones are involved in the 1st MPJ?
What bones are involved in the 1st MPJ?
Motion in which plane of the MPJ is pathological and results in subluxation of the joint?
Motion in which plane of the MPJ is pathological and results in subluxation of the joint?
What are the axis of motion for the 1st MPJ?
What are the axis of motion for the 1st MPJ?
What is the minimum range of dorsiflexion necessary for normal gait of the MPJ?
What is the minimum range of dorsiflexion necessary for normal gait of the MPJ?
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Study Notes
Planes of Motion
- Equinus deformity occurs in the sagittal plane
- Calcaneus occurs in the frontal plane
- The horizontal axis of the knee joint is at the intersection of the transverse and sagittal planes
- The plane of motion of the knee joint is the frontal plane
- Hip joint motions occur in the frontal plane
Femur and Hip Joint
- Angle of femoral inclination at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
- Femoral torsion or femoral declination at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
- If the angle of femoral declination is less than 10 degrees, it is called retroversion, and the position is internal rotation
- Gait of a hip that has not reduced to 10 degrees of external motion is abnormal
Tibia and Knee Joint
- Tibial ontogeny occurs in the transverse plane
- Bones involved in the knee joint: femur, tibia, and patella
- Normal ranges of motion of the knee:
- Flexion: 0-140°
- Extension: 0-10°
- Abduction: 0-10°
- Normal degree of tibial torsion at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
- Normal measurement for malleolar torsion: 20-30°
Ankle and Subtalar Joints
- Bones involved in the ankle joint: tibia, fibula, and talus
- Movements in the ankle joint:
- Dorsiflexion: 10-20°
- Plantarflexion: 40-50°
- Location of the ankle joint axis of motion: medial to the medial malleolus
- Direction of motion of the axis of motion of the ankle joint: anteromedial
- Minimum ROM needed for movement in the ankle joint: 20-30°
- Bones involved in the subtalar joint: talus and calcaneus
- Location of the axis of motion of the subtalar joint: posterior to the talus
- A high axis of motion of the STJ leads to a more efficient gait
- A lower axis of motion of the STJ leads to a less efficient gait
- Total minimum ROM of the STJ necessary for normal gait: 12°
- ROM of the STJ should be distributed: 1/3 supination, 2/3 pronation
- A medially deviated STJ axis leads to: supination
- A laterally deviated STJ axis leads to: pronation
Midtarsal Joint
- Bones involved in the MTJ: cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones
- Match each location of the axis of motion of the MTJ to its corresponding axis:
- OMTJ axis: oblique axis
- LMTJ axis: longitudinal axis
- Motions in the OMTJ axis: supination, pronation, and rotation
- Motions in the LMTJ axis: flexion and extension
- The MTJ is unlocked when the STJ is pronated
1st Ray and 1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint
- Bones involved in the 1st ray: 1st metatarsal and 1st phalanges
- Direction of the axis of motion of the 1st ray: vertical
- Location of the axis of motion of the 1st ray: proximal to the 1st metatarsal
- As the first ray dorsiflexes, it moves into a more vertical position
- Bones involved in the 1st MPJ: 1st metatarsal and 1st phalanges
- Motion in the MPJ that is pathological and results in subluxation of the joint: excessive plantarflexion
- Axis of motion for the 1st MPJ: sagittal plane
- Minimum range of dorsiflexion necessary for normal gait of the MPJ: 45-60°
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