Motion in Physics
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Questions and Answers

Match each motion to the plane it typically occurs in

Transverse plane = Abduction/Adduction Frontal Plane = Inversion/ Eversion Sagittal plane = Dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion Triplane (nonweightbearing) = Supination (adduction, inversion, plantarflexion); pronation (abduction, eversion, dorsiflexion)

Which plane does the equinus deformity occur in?

  • Sagittal plane (correct)
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Mid-Sagittal plane

    • Which plane does calcaneus occur in?

  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Sagittal Plane (correct)
  • Mid-sagittal plane

    • Match each muscle compartment with its actions

    <p>Anterior compartment = Dorsiflex the ankle joint during swing. Decelerate dorsiflexion of the ankle joint at heel contact Lateral Compartment = Stabilize the lateral column (resist inversion) Posterior compartment = Stabilize the medial column (resist eversion). Plantarflexion of the ankle joint at propulsion N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The horizontal axis of the knee joint is at the intersection of the transverse and sagittal planes. The plane of motion of this joint is the frontal plane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each plane of motion to the motion and degrees it corresponds to for the hip joint

    <p>Transverse plane = internal rotation (25 degrees); external rotation (45 degrees) Frontal plane = Abduction (45 degrees); adduction (20 degrees) Sagittal plane = Flexion (120 degrees); extension (20 degrees) N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle of femoral inclination (frontal plane) at birth and by age 4?

    <p>Birth: 140; age 4: 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathologies does not occur with coxa valga?

    <p>Tibial valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not occur with coxa varus

    <p>Genu Varum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the degree of femoral torsion or femoral declination at birth vs at age 4? (Transverse plane)

    <p>Birth: 30 degrees internal twist; Age 4: 10 degrees of internal twist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the angle of femoral declination is less than 10 degrees, what is it called? What position is it in?

    <p>Retrotorsion/ external position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gait of a hip that has not reduced to 10 degrees of external motion?

    <p>Abducted/ out-toed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plane does the tibial ontogeny occur in?

    <p>Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the knee joint?

    <p>Femur, tibia, fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the normal ranges of motion of the knee in each plane?

    <p>Transverse plane: Internal rotation (10 degrees); external rotation (30)/ Sagittal plane: flexion (150); extension (10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal degree of tibial torsion at birth vs age 4?

    <p>Birth: none; Age 4: 20-23 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal measurement for malleolar torsion?

    <p>15-18 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a part of OKC supination movement?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not part of OKC pronation?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the ankle joint?

    <p>Talus, fibula, tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements occur in CKC supination?

    <p>A &amp; B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a CKC pronation movement?

    <p>Talus abducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the ankle joint axis of motion?

    <p>Deviated 15 degrees from the transverse plane, 20 degrees from the frontal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does primary movement of the ankle joint occur (which plane?)

    <p>Sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of motion of the axis of motion of the ankle joint?

    <p>Plantar, posterior, lateral to dorsal, anterior, medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum ROM needed for movement in the ankle joint?

    <p>Dorsiflexion: 10 degrees; plantarflexion: 30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?

    <p>Talus and calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the axis of motion of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Deviated 42 degrees from the transverse plane; 16 degrees from the sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a high axis of motion of the STJ?

    <p>A &amp; C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not describe a lower axis of motion of the STJ?

    <p>More talar abduction/ adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total minimum ROM of the STJ necessary for normal gait is 12°.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    STJ.ROM should be distributed 1/3 supination and 2/3 pronation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a medially deviated STJ axis lead to?

    <p>Over pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a laterally deviated STJ axis lead to?

    <p>Over supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the MTJ

    <p>Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each location of the axis of motion of the MTJ to its corresponding axis

    <p>OMTJ axis = Deviated 52 degrees from the transverse plane LMTJ axis = Deviated 15 degrees from the transverse plane OMTJ axis = 57 degrees from the sagittal plane LMTJ axis = 9 degrees from the sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motions occur in the OMTJ axis?

    <p>Dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motions occur in the LMTJ axis?

    <p>Inversion/ Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A minimum ROM for the MTJ is not established. The MTJ is unlocked when the STJ is pronated

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle of talar torsion by birth vs at 4 years of age?

    <p>Birth: 20 degrees; Age 4: perpendicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each pathology to its compensation

    <p>Forefoot Varus = STJ pronation Rigid forefoot valgus = STJ supination Flexible Forefoot Valgus = STJ pronation after LMTJ supination N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not cause an inverted RCSP?

    <p>Flexible forefoot valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following everts the RCSP?

    <p>A &amp; C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the 1st ray?

    <p>Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, 1st metatarsal, navicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?

    <p>Proximal, medial and plantar to distal, dorsal and lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the axis of motion of the 1st ray?

    <p>45 degrees from the sagittal plane and 45 degrees from the frontal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the first ray dorsiflexes it...

    <p>Inverts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones are involved in the 1st MPJ?

    <p>1st metatarsal, hallux proximal phalanx, tibial sesamoid, fibular sesamoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motion in which plane of the MPJ is pathological and results in subluxation of the joint?

    <p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the axis of motion for the 1st MPJ?

    <p>Vertical and Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum range of dorsiflexion necessary for normal gait of the MPJ?

    <p>65-75 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Planes of Motion

    • Equinus deformity occurs in the sagittal plane
    • Calcaneus occurs in the frontal plane
    • The horizontal axis of the knee joint is at the intersection of the transverse and sagittal planes
    • The plane of motion of the knee joint is the frontal plane
    • Hip joint motions occur in the frontal plane

    Femur and Hip Joint

    • Angle of femoral inclination at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
    • Femoral torsion or femoral declination at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
    • If the angle of femoral declination is less than 10 degrees, it is called retroversion, and the position is internal rotation
    • Gait of a hip that has not reduced to 10 degrees of external motion is abnormal

    Tibia and Knee Joint

    • Tibial ontogeny occurs in the transverse plane
    • Bones involved in the knee joint: femur, tibia, and patella
    • Normal ranges of motion of the knee:
      • Flexion: 0-140°
      • Extension: 0-10°
      • Abduction: 0-10°
    • Normal degree of tibial torsion at birth: 30-40°, by age 4: 10-15°
    • Normal measurement for malleolar torsion: 20-30°

    Ankle and Subtalar Joints

    • Bones involved in the ankle joint: tibia, fibula, and talus
    • Movements in the ankle joint:
      • Dorsiflexion: 10-20°
      • Plantarflexion: 40-50°
    • Location of the ankle joint axis of motion: medial to the medial malleolus
    • Direction of motion of the axis of motion of the ankle joint: anteromedial
    • Minimum ROM needed for movement in the ankle joint: 20-30°
    • Bones involved in the subtalar joint: talus and calcaneus
    • Location of the axis of motion of the subtalar joint: posterior to the talus
    • A high axis of motion of the STJ leads to a more efficient gait
    • A lower axis of motion of the STJ leads to a less efficient gait
    • Total minimum ROM of the STJ necessary for normal gait: 12°
    • ROM of the STJ should be distributed: 1/3 supination, 2/3 pronation
    • A medially deviated STJ axis leads to: supination
    • A laterally deviated STJ axis leads to: pronation

    Midtarsal Joint

    • Bones involved in the MTJ: cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones
    • Match each location of the axis of motion of the MTJ to its corresponding axis:
      • OMTJ axis: oblique axis
      • LMTJ axis: longitudinal axis
    • Motions in the OMTJ axis: supination, pronation, and rotation
    • Motions in the LMTJ axis: flexion and extension
    • The MTJ is unlocked when the STJ is pronated

    1st Ray and 1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint

    • Bones involved in the 1st ray: 1st metatarsal and 1st phalanges
    • Direction of the axis of motion of the 1st ray: vertical
    • Location of the axis of motion of the 1st ray: proximal to the 1st metatarsal
    • As the first ray dorsiflexes, it moves into a more vertical position
    • Bones involved in the 1st MPJ: 1st metatarsal and 1st phalanges
    • Motion in the MPJ that is pathological and results in subluxation of the joint: excessive plantarflexion
    • Axis of motion for the 1st MPJ: sagittal plane
    • Minimum range of dorsiflexion necessary for normal gait of the MPJ: 45-60°

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    Test your understanding of different types of motion and the planes in which they typically occur. Identify the correct plane for each type of motion. From translational to rotational motion, challenge your knowledge of physics concepts.

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