Mothers' Beliefs About Adolescents Study

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following authors have written about the impact of mothers' gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers' and children's ability perceptions in their research?

  • Kreuger, J., & Rothbart, M.
  • Jacobs, J.E., & Eccles, J.S. (correct)
  • Miller, B.C., Christopherson, C.R., & King, P.K.
  • Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., & Cushman, L.

Which authors discuss the influence of gender stereotypes on parent and child mathematics attitudes?

  • Moos, R., Cronkite, R., & Finney, J.
  • Larson, R.W., Richards, M.H., Moneta, G., Holmbeck, G., & Duckett, E.
  • E., & Millstein, S.G.
  • Jacobs, J.E. (correct)

What is the primary focus of the research by E., & Millstein, S.G. (1991)?

  • The influence of gender stereotypes on parent and child mathematics attitudes.
  • Changes in adolescents' daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18.
  • The impact of parenting expectations and experiences on adjustment to parenthood.
  • Risk-taking behaviors exhibited during adolescence. (correct)

Which research paper explores the use of categorical and individuating information in making inferences about personality?

<p>Kreuger, J., &amp; Rothbart, M. (1988) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who researched and published a study on the sampling issues in family research?

<p>Kitson, G.C., Sussman, M.B., Williams, G.K., Zeehandelaar, R.B., Shickmanter, B.K., &amp; Steinberger, J.L. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research paper delves into the changes in adolescents' daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18?

<p>Larson, R.W., Richards, M.H., Moneta, G., Holmbeck, G., &amp; Duckett, E. (1996) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of authors' research specifically focused on the 'violated expectations framework' in the context of parenting?

<p>Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., &amp; Cushman, L. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which authors explore the topic of sexual behavior in adolescence?

<p>Miller, B.C., Christopherson, C.R., &amp; King, P.K. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences parents’ expectations for their children according to generalized beliefs?

<p>Parents' generalized beliefs about children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stereotypes do parents often hold about adolescents?

<p>Negative stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model links parents' beliefs, behaviors, and children's outcomes?

<p>Achievement Behavior Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, mothers' beliefs about gender abilities influence their expectations independent of what?

<p>The child's actual performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defined the expectations mothers had for their sons and daughters in the study?

<p>Generalized beliefs about gender talents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the study, what does 'category-based beliefs' refer to?

<p>Stereotypes about groups of children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do generalized beliefs have on parental behavior?

<p>They can influence behavior and child outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main aspect did the previous research focus on regarding parents' beliefs?

<p>Achievement-related beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can negative beliefs about adolescents have on parents' behavior?

<p>It might result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can influence parents’ perceptions of adolescence?

<p>Their own experiences during adolescence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Holmbeck suggest about parents' beliefs regarding adolescence?

<p>They can lead to more authoritarian parenting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might cultural ideas about adolescents lead to parental expectations?

<p>By reinforcing stereotypes and negative beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of outcomes are associated with authoritarian parenting styles?

<p>Poor outcomes for adolescents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when parents view adolescence as a problematic phase?

<p>They may overlook signs that require intervention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common stereotype about adolescents?

<p>They are prone to risk-taking behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might negative expectations foster in the relationship between parents and adolescents?

<p>Diminished communication and trust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the research by Bugental et al. (1993)?

<p>Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study focuses on perceived control over caregiving outcomes?

<p>Bugental, Blue, &amp; Cruzcosa (1989) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Collins’ studies primarily investigate?

<p>Parent-child interactions during adolescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is addressed in the study by Eccles et al. (1990)?

<p>School and family effects on children's interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of deriving a pubertal development score in the study?

<p>To standardize pubertal maturity relative to gender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social cognition did Dix et al. (1986) study?

<p>Reactions of parents to children of different ages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was menarche not assessed in the study?

<p>It is considered a late sign of puberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which study is the attribution process in discipline discussed?

<p>Dix et al. &amp; Zambarano (1989) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mothers' ratings of pubertal development compare to doctors' reports?

<p>They correlate well for girls but may underestimate boys' development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Dorn’s research with adolescents?

<p>Perceptions of puberty among different groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage is emphasized in the work of Collins (1995)?

<p>Family adaptation during adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical methods were used to examine the relationships in the study?

<p>Zero-order correlations followed by regressions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of children's attributes was considered in predicting expectations for the child?

<p>Temperament and current psychological functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two scales measuring expectations for the child in the study?

<p>Expectations for Difficult Adolescence and Closer Relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hierarchical regression in the study aim to examine?

<p>Interactions of generalized beliefs with pubertal status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary approach used to assess pubertal development in this study?

<p>Gathering ratings from mothers and comparing with doctors’ assessments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of adolescent development is highlighted by Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus?

<p>Gender differences in depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication addresses the mental health professional's perspective on normal adolescence?

<p>American Medical Association Archives of General Psychiatry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the study by Offer and Schonert-Reichl regarding adolescence?

<p>Myths surrounding adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study explores emotional autonomy in adolescents?

<p>Emotional autonomy versus detachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research tool was analyzed for reliability and validity regarding puberty?

<p>Self-report measure of pubertal status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic data source was cited for Forsyth County, North Carolina?

<p>U.S. Census Bureau (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researchers conducted a study on the expectations of mothers and children for adolescence?

<p>Whiteman and Buchanan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key themes discussed by Peterson et al. in their self-report measure?

<p>Reliability and validity in pubertal status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Generalized beliefs

Generalized beliefs about a group of people, often influenced by stereotypes and assumptions.

Child-Specific beliefs

Specific beliefs held by parents about their own child's capabilities or behaviors.

Category-Based Beliefs

The process of forming judgments and expectations based on group membership rather than individual characteristics.

Generalized beliefs influencing expectations

The influence of generalized beliefs about a group on expectations for a specific individual within that group.

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Eccles' Model

The model suggests that generalized beliefs about a group affect parents' expectations for their own child, and these expectations influence parental behaviors and subsequently child outcomes.

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Parents' expectations influenced by perceptions

The idea that parents adjust their expectations for their children based on their perceptions of the child's abilities, regardless of actual performance.

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Negative stereotypes affecting expectations

Parents' generalized beliefs about adolescents influence their expectations for their own children, potentially leading to negative expectations.

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Evidence for Category-Based Beliefs

Evidence supporting the idea that generalized beliefs influence parental judgments about their own children, even when considering the child's individual characteristics.

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Pubertal Development Score (PDS)

A numerical score reflecting a child's pubertal development compared to others of the same gender.

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Z-score

A statistical method used to compare a single data point to a group average.

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Mothers' Reports

The use of a mother's assessment of her child's puberty, which correlates well with clinical evaluations.

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Expectations for the Child's Adolescent Years

The anticipated challenges and rewards of adolescence.

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Child Attributes

Specific beliefs about an individual child's temperament or current psychological state.

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Generalized Beliefs & Expectations

How generalized beliefs about adolescence affect parent's expectations for their own child.

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Attribute-Expectation Link

The relationship between child attributes (temperament, psychological functioning) and expectations for the child.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

When a person's beliefs about a group (like adolescents) lead them to act in a way that actually causes those beliefs to come true.

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Parenting style based on stereotypes

Parents might use a strict parenting style during adolescence because they believe this is the best way to handle teenage behavior.

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Parental perception of adolescence

How parents view adolescents' behavior, whether positive (seeing growth) or negative (expecting problems).

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Factors influencing parental beliefs

Factors that affect parents' beliefs about adolescence, such as their own teenage experiences or their interactions with teens.

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Negative stereotype of adolescence

The tendency to see adolescence as a time of difficulty, marked by negative behavior and challenges.

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Delaying intervention due to stereotypes

Parents might hesitate to seek help for their teen, assuming problems are 'normal' during adolescence.

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Cultural ideas about adolescents

Adolescents are often portrayed as rebellious, insecure, and influenced by peers.

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Positive perception of adolescence

The idea that adolescence is a time of positive growth and development.

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Parents' Child-Specific Beliefs

Parents' beliefs about their child's capabilities and behaviors, which are influenced by their own experiences, cultural background, and the child's characteristics.

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Mothers' Reports of Puberty

Mothers' evaluations of their child's pubertal development tend to align with those made by medical professionals.

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Expectations for Adolescent Years

The anticipated challenges and rewards that parents foresee as their child enters adolescence.

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Impact of an older sibling's experience

When parents' expectations for their child's future are influenced by their perceived experiences of an older sibling.

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Study Notes

  • Study examined if mothers' general beliefs about adolescents predict their expectations for their own child's adolescent years.
  • Participants were 75 mothers of sixth or seventh graders.
  • Mothers' generalized beliefs predicted their expectations for their child, even considering the child's current mood, closeness with mother, and other attributes.
  • Mothers who believed adolescents were risk-taking, rebellious, or had internalizing problems expected their own child to have a difficult adolescence.
  • Mothers who believed adolescents were prosocial expected a closer parent-child relationship.
  • This link between mothers' beliefs and their expectations did not depend on the child's pubertal stage or gender.
  • Parental beliefs about adolescence could affect parenting behaviors and relationships.

Method

  • 75 mothers of early adolescents participated.
  • 34 had sons, 41 had daughters; 40 in 6th grade, 35 in 7th.
  • Participants were mostly European American, married, with incomes above $50,000, and had a college degree.
  • Mothers completed scales assessing their generalized beliefs about adolescents, their expectations for their own child, the adolescent's temperament, mood, and school grades.
  • Additional measures included the child's pubertal status.

Results

  • Generalized beliefs about adolescents predicted expectations for their own child's adolescence.
  • Mothers with more negative beliefs about adolescents expected more difficulties for their child.
  • Mothers' expectations for a closer relationship with their child were related to less negative beliefs about adolescents.
  • Child's current attributes did not explain the link between the mothers' generalized beliefs and their expectations for their child.
  • Pubertal status and gender did not significantly alter the relationship between generalized beliefs and expectations for the child.

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