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Questions and Answers
What is the process by which the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo?
What is the name of the structure that forms on the surface of the epiblast during gastrulation?
What is the name of the two cell layers that form the bilaminar embryo?
What is the name of the process by which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall?
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What is the name of the structure that forms the fetal part of the placenta?
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What is the process by which the trilaminar embryo is formed?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the process of gastrulation?
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What is the role of the primitive streak in gastrulation?
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Which of the following structures is formed during neurulation?
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What is the correct sequence of events during early embryonic development?
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What is the name of the cellular structure found in the ovary where immature eggs mature, leading to ovulation?
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Which hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, leading to the production of estrogen?
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What is the name of the structure that releases an ovum and later becomes the Corpus Luteum?
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Which level of hormonal control involves the Ovary and during pregnancy, the Placenta?
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What term describes the structure that contains a single immature ovum and is initiated to grow periodically resulting in one competent oocyte in humans?
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What is the name given to each cell of the divided zygote?
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What process occurs during the 'compaction' stage of embryo development?
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What is the name given to the stage of embryo development where a cavity forms within the morula?
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What are the two main cell types that make up the blastocyst stage of the embryo?
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What is the property of blastomeres up to the 8-cell stage of development?
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Which of the following accurately describes the zonal reaction?
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in fertilization?
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What is the significance of the zygote being genetically unique?
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What is the process that results in an increase in cell number from the zygote?
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Which of the following accurately describes the formation of the bilaminar embryo?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Development
- Primitive streak formation:
- Results from proliferation and migration of epiblast cells to the median of the embryonic disc
- Establishes caudal-cranial direction, left-right symmetry, and dorsal-ventral sides in the embryo
- Gastrulation:
- Begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast
- Process by which the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo
- Formation of Trilaminar Embryo:
- Involves the formation of notochord, somites, and neurulation
- Notochord Formation:
- Establishes the dorsal-ventral axis of the embryo
- Somite Formation:
- Gives rise to muscles, bones, and connective tissue
- Neurulation:
- Involves the formation of the neural tube, which will develop into the central nervous system
Fertilization
- Phases of Fertilization:
- Capacitation and acrosomal reaction
- Passage of sperm through corona radiata surrounding the zona pellucida
- Penetration of zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte
- Fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and oocyte
- Zonal reaction
- Prevention of Polyspermy:
- Cortical granules release enzymes that hydrolyze sperm receptor molecules, preventing additional sperm binding
- Formation of Pronucleus and Zygote:
- Female nucleus undergoes decondensation to form a pronucleus
- Sperm nucleus undergoes decondensation to form a pronucleus
- Fusion of male and female pronucleus forms a zygote with diploid (46) chromosomes
Cleavage
- Definition:
- Repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting in an increased number of cells
- Properties of Cleaving Embryo (Blastomeres):
- Totipotency: up to 8-cell stage, removing or killing one blastomere still results in normal offspring
- Ability to form a mosaic offspring if a blastomere of a different strain is introduced
- Morula:
- Compacted 32-cell stage embryo with an outer layer of trophoblasts and an inner cell mass (embryoblast)
- Blastocyst:
- Consists of an outer trophectoderm and an inner cell mass
- Cavity forms between the trophectoderm and inner cell mass, called the blastocyst cavity
Implantation
- Definition:
- Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall
- Formation of Bilaminar Embryo:
- Reorganization of cells into hypoblast and epiblast
- Placentation:
- Development of the placenta, which provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
Gastrulation
- Definition:
- Process by which the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo
- Formation of Three Germinal Layers:
- Ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (inner layer)
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Description
Test your knowledge on concepts such as mosaicism, blastomeres, blastocysts, and embryo development in lower animals like sea urchins and drosophila. Learn about the process of introducing blastomeres of different strains into a blastocyst and the resulting 'mosaic' offspring with color markings.
