3. Masonry
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3. Masonry

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Questions and Answers

Which type of mortar is typically used for reinforced masonry applications like foundations?

  • Type O Mortar
  • Type N Mortar
  • Type K Mortar
  • Type M Mortar (correct)
  • What is the primary benefit of adding lime to cement mortar?

  • Reduces setting time
  • Increases compressive strength
  • Enhances plasticity and water retention (correct)
  • Eliminates the need for sand
  • Which type of mortar is characterized by a compressive strength of 750 psi?

  • Type N Mortar (correct)
  • Type S Mortar
  • Type M Mortar
  • Type D Mortar
  • What is the main component of masonry cement that distinguishes it from other mortar types?

    <p>Contains hydrated lime and plasticizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plaster is known for its good finish on the interior surfaces?

    <p>Gypsum Plaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of Type O Mortar?

    <p>It is suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the mortar mix proportions table, what ratio represents Class B mortar?

    <p>1:3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical setting characteristic of lime mortar compared to cement mortar?

    <p>It has a lower rate of hardening and setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of rubble stone?

    <p>It is delivered in rough and irregular shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stonework is characterized by fitting stones of different shapes together randomly?

    <p>Random Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates dimension stone from rubble stone?

    <p>Dimension stone is cut to specific sizes and shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Ashlar masonry?

    <p>Stones are squared and laid in regular courses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the rustic or rock work stone face?

    <p>To give a jagged or rough surface effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these types of stonework involves laying stones in courses that are not uninterrupted?

    <p>Broken Range Ashlar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Coursed Ashlar stonework?

    <p>It is characterized by uniform courses of uniform sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rubble stone treatment only removes the most obvious irregularities?

    <p>Scrabbled Rubble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic distinguishes sandstone from other types of building stones?

    <p>It is composed primarily of quartz sand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stonework involves a combination of stones laid in regular courses but varying their size and placement?

    <p>Random Coursed Ashlar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of masonry walls?

    <p>They are bonded with mortar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of masonry wall consists of two layers with an air space in between?

    <p>Cavity Walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bond stones in masonry walls?

    <p>To bind the wall together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is primarily used to make Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)?

    <p>Concrete, portland cement, and aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes reinforced masonry walls?

    <p>They use steel reinforcing bars embedded in the masonry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do weep holes provide in masonry walls?

    <p>They allow for water drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flashing membranes in masonry walls?

    <p>To protect against moisture damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a veneered wall from other masonry wall types?

    <p>It has facing material applied over a core wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the preferred size of hollow blocks in the Philippines market?

    <p>4&quot;, 5&quot;, and 6&quot; with 3 holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do unreinforced masonry walls lack that reinforced walls possess?

    <p>Embedded steel reinforcing bars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Lightweight Gypsum Plaster?

    <p>It is mixed with perlite or vermiculite for fire resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plaster is primarily used for ornamental work and castings?

    <p>Plaster of Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum thickness of the finish coat in a three-coat plaster job?

    <p>1/8&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plaster type is known for its increased adhesive strength?

    <p>Bonding Plaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'course' in masonry terms?

    <p>A continuous layer of bricks, stones, or masonry units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a brick or block laid lengthwise in a wall?

    <p>Stretcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plaster is mixed with fine white sand for a smooth finish?

    <p>Prepared Gypsum Plaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sgraffito, how are the different colored layers of plaster manipulated?

    <p>By cutting away certain areas after application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes High-Strength Gypsum Plaster from standard Gypsum plaster?

    <p>It meets established standards for strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'wythe' in masonry construction?

    <p>A continuous vertical section one unit thick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brick is specifically designed for exposed masonry applications?

    <p>Facing Brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Flemish Bond in brickwork?

    <p>Alternating headers and stretchers in each course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of a standard brick?

    <p>5'' x 3'' x 10''</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brick is known for being fire-resistant and load-bearing?

    <p>Fire Brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bond method features headers centered over stretchers?

    <p>English Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Glazed Bricks?

    <p>Smooth outer surface with a variety of finishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes English Cross Bond from standard English Bond?

    <p>It offsets head joints in stretching courses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mortar

    • Mortar is a mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone) and cement (lime, Portland) that hardens into a stone-like mass when mixed with water
    • Mortar is used to bond masonry units together or to apply surfaces like tiles, bricks, and stones
    • Cement Mortar: made with fine sand, requires more cement for strength, mixed by hand or mechanically
    • Lime Mortar: mixture of lime, sand, and water, low setting and hardening rate, low compressive strength, rarely used
    • Cement-Lime Mortar: Cement mortar with added lime for plasticity and water retention
    • Masonry Cement: proprietary mixture of Portland Cement with hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents, and gypsum, only needs sand and water

    Mortar Strengths

    • Type M Mortar: High strength for reinforced masonry used for foundations and retaining walls below ground
    • Type S Mortar: Medium-high strength for applications where good bond and lateral strength are important
    • Type N Mortar: Medium-strength for general use above grade, where high compression and lateral strength are not required
    • Type O Mortar: Low-strength mortar, suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls
    • Type K Mortar: Very low-strength mortar, suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls

    Mortar Proportions

    • Class AA: 1:1 Cement to Sand Ratio
    • Class A: 1:2 Cement to Sand Ratio
    • Class B: 1:3 Cement to Sand Ratio
    • Class C: 1:4 Cement to Sand Ratio
    • Class D: 1:5 Cement to Sand Ratio

    Plaster

    • Plaster is a mortar of cementitious materials (lime, gypsum, or cement), sand, and water applied in coats (layers) to provide a hard finish to interior or exterior walls and ceilings
    • Lime Plaster: a mixture of lime putty (hydrated lime and water) mixed with sand and gypsum plaster for interior and exterior walls and ceilings
    • Gypsum Plaster: Plaster of Paris with clay, lime, and other materials, covered by trademarks or patents

    Plaster Types

    • Exterior and Interior Walls/Ceilings: Mixed on the job with water, sand, and lime putty, sometimes including hair or fiber
    • High-Strength Gypsum Plaster: Same as Gypsum plaster but mixed to meet established standards
    • Fibered Gypsum Plaster: Gypsum plaster premixed with fibers
    • Prepared Gypsum Plaster: Gypsum plaster mixed with fine white sand
    • Bonding Plaster: Gypsum plaster mixed with more adhesive strength
    • Lightweight Gypsum Plaster: Fire-resistant Gypsum plaster with perlite, vermiculite, or other mineral aggregate
    • Keene's Cement: Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax, burned at 932°F
    • Portland Cement Plaster: Mixed on the job with water, sand, and lime putty
    • Plaster of Paris: Used for ornamental plaster work and castings

    Plaster Thickness

    • Metal lath: 5/8"
    • Lathing board/gypsum block: ½"
    • Three-coat plastering: scratch and brown coats are ¼" thick, finish coat is 1/8" with a minimum of 1/16" thickness

    Sgraffito

    • Highly decorative plaster technique developed in Italy during the Renaissance
    • Two or three thin coats of plaster in different colors are applied and then cut away to create a 3D design

    Unit Masonry

    • Unit masonry is built up of building materials (clay, concrete, or stone) set in mortar or plain concrete
    • Bed: Horizontal surfaces on which bricks or stones rest
    • Course: A continuous layer of bricks, stones, or masonry units
    • Wythe/Tier: A continuous vertical section of a wall, one masonry unit thick
    • Bond: Connection between masonry units, preventing vertical joints from falling over each other (also called a breaking joint)
    • Stretcher: A brick or block laid lengthwise of a wall
    • Header: A brick or block extending over the thickness of the wall
    • Heading course: All bricks/masonry units are headers
    • Soldier: A unit laid on its end, with its face perpendicular to the wall
    • Quoins: Corner stones at the angles of buildings, often rusticated

    Masonry Walls

    • Walls are made from modular building blocks or units bonded with mortar
    • Solid Walls: Simple construction
    • Cavity Walls: Two layers of masonry with an air space in between
    • Veneered Walls: A wall structure with a thin layer of facing material over a core wall

    Bonding Masonry Walls

    • Bond Stones: Stones running through the wall thickness at right angles to bind it together
    • Blocking Courses: A course of stones on top of the cornice or top to crown the wall

    Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) Walls

    • CHBs are made of concrete, portland cement, and aggregates (usually sand and fine gravel)
    • Lower density blocks can use industrial wastes as an aggregate
    • Lightweight blocks can use aerated concrete
    • Dimension of CHB: 8" (200mm) high, 16" (400mm) width and depths vary from 4" to 8" with 2 or 3 holes

    Concrete Block or Cement Block (CMU)

    • A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit (CMU) made of Portland cement and suitable aggregates

    Masonry Stress Types

    • Unreinforced masonry walls: Plain masonry walls with horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties
    • Reinforced masonry walls: Walls utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout-filled joints and cavities

    Other Components

    • WEEP HOLE: A hole at the bottom of the wall to allow water to drain
    • GRADE: A level where the top of the wall is
    • FLASHING MEMBRANES: Waterproof material used for protection from moisture

    Stone Building Materials

    • Stone is a fundamental building material commonly used for exterior and interior surfaces
    • Granite
    • Marble
    • Travertine
    • Limestone
    • Sandstone
    • Slate

    Rubble Stone

    • Rough and irregular shapes delivered from quarries
    • Scrabbled Rubble: Only the most obvious irregularities are knocked off
    • Range Rubble: Rough stones dressed and laid to a nearly uniform height.

    Dimension Stone

    • Cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions and a specific thickness

    Stonework Types

    • Ashlar stones are squared and laid in regular courses
    • Random Work uses stones of different shapes fitted together randomly
    • Range Work or Coursed Ashlar:
    • Coursed Ashlar: stones laid in uniform courses of uniform sizes
    • Broken Range Ashlar: uniform size within courses, but course width and length of the stones is varied
    • Random Coursed Ashlar: stones laid in courses but their horizontal beds are not uniform, varying size and placement between stones

    Rustic or Rock Work

    • The stone face is jagged or rough, achieved by leaving protruding or projecting stone or stone around the joint areas

    Types of Bricks

    • Common/Building Brick: Used for all purposes
    • Facing Brick: Specially processed for a specific surface appearance, used for exposed masonry
    • Glazed Brick: Smooth outer surface, with a dull or high-gloss finish
    • Fire (Refractory) Brick: Used for furnace linings, fireplaces, and chimneys

    Brickwork

    • Common Bond: A course of headers is placed between every five or six courses of stretchers
    • English Bond: Alternate courses of headers and stretchers
    • English Cross Bond: A modified English bond, where the head joints in the stretching courses are offset
    • Flemish Bond: Alternative headers and stretchers in each course

    Standard Brick Size

    • 3-3/4" x 2-1/4" x 8"

    ATLAS-CDC Architecture Review

    Brick Bonds

    • Flemish Cross Bond: A modified Flemish bond where courses of alternate headers and stretchers alternate with stretching courses
    • Flemish Diagonal Bond: A form of Flemish cross bond where courses are offset to create a diamond pattern
    • Garden-Wall Bond: A brickwork bond suited for lightly loaded boundary walls
    • Herring-bone: Bricks are laid diagonally to form a herringbone pattern

    Brick Joints

    • Joints between brick courses range from 4.5mm (3/16") to 12mm (1/2")
    • Flush, keyed, strong, recessed, weathered, and raked out

    Other Masonry Units

    • "DURISOL" Block: Lightweight blocks made from fiber and cement
    • Plaster Block: Also known as gypsum partition blocks, used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions
    • Structural Clay Tile: Hollow masonry units open at two ends with interior webs dividing into longitudinal cells

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    Module 1 - Materials of Construction - Building Technology (Atlas)

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