3. Masonry

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Questions and Answers

Which type of mortar is typically used for reinforced masonry applications like foundations?

Type O Mortar

Type N Mortar

Type K Mortar

Type M Mortar (correct)

What is the primary benefit of adding lime to cement mortar?

Reduces setting time

Increases compressive strength

Enhances plasticity and water retention (correct)

Eliminates the need for sand

Which type of mortar is characterized by a compressive strength of 750 psi?

Type N Mortar (correct)

Type S Mortar

Type M Mortar

Type D Mortar

What is the main component of masonry cement that distinguishes it from other mortar types?

Contains hydrated lime and plasticizers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plaster is known for its good finish on the interior surfaces?

Gypsum Plaster Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of Type O Mortar?

It is suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls. Signup and view all the answers

In the mortar mix proportions table, what ratio represents Class B mortar?

1:3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical setting characteristic of lime mortar compared to cement mortar?

It has a lower rate of hardening and setting. Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of rubble stone?

It is delivered in rough and irregular shapes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stonework is characterized by fitting stones of different shapes together randomly?

Random Work Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates dimension stone from rubble stone?

Dimension stone is cut to specific sizes and shapes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Ashlar masonry?

Stones are squared and laid in regular courses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rustic or rock work stone face?

To give a jagged or rough surface effect. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these types of stonework involves laying stones in courses that are not uninterrupted?

Broken Range Ashlar Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Coursed Ashlar stonework?

It is characterized by uniform courses of uniform sizes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rubble stone treatment only removes the most obvious irregularities?

Scrabbled Rubble Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes sandstone from other types of building stones?

It is composed primarily of quartz sand. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stonework involves a combination of stones laid in regular courses but varying their size and placement?

Random Coursed Ashlar Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of masonry walls?

They are bonded with mortar. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of masonry wall consists of two layers with an air space in between?

Cavity Walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bond stones in masonry walls?

To bind the wall together. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is primarily used to make Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)?

Concrete, portland cement, and aggregates Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes reinforced masonry walls?

They use steel reinforcing bars embedded in the masonry. Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do weep holes provide in masonry walls?

They allow for water drainage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of flashing membranes in masonry walls?

To protect against moisture damage. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a veneered wall from other masonry wall types?

It has facing material applied over a core wall. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the preferred size of hollow blocks in the Philippines market?

4", 5", and 6" with 3 holes Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do unreinforced masonry walls lack that reinforced walls possess?

Embedded steel reinforcing bars Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Lightweight Gypsum Plaster?

It is mixed with perlite or vermiculite for fire resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plaster is primarily used for ornamental work and castings?

Plaster of Paris Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum thickness of the finish coat in a three-coat plaster job?

1/8" Signup and view all the answers

Which plaster type is known for its increased adhesive strength?

Bonding Plaster Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'course' in masonry terms?

A continuous layer of bricks, stones, or masonry units. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a brick or block laid lengthwise in a wall?

Stretcher Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plaster is mixed with fine white sand for a smooth finish?

Prepared Gypsum Plaster Signup and view all the answers

In sgraffito, how are the different colored layers of plaster manipulated?

By cutting away certain areas after application. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes High-Strength Gypsum Plaster from standard Gypsum plaster?

It meets established standards for strength. Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'wythe' in masonry construction?

A continuous vertical section one unit thick. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brick is specifically designed for exposed masonry applications?

Facing Brick Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of Flemish Bond in brickwork?

Alternating headers and stretchers in each course Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size of a standard brick?

3-3/4'' x 2-1/4'' x 8'' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brick is known for being fire-resistant and load-bearing?

Fire Brick Signup and view all the answers

Which bond method features headers centered over stretchers?

English Bond Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Glazed Bricks?

Smooth outer surface with a variety of finishes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes English Cross Bond from standard English Bond?

It offsets head joints in stretching courses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mortar

Mortar is a mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone) and cement (lime, Portland) that hardens into a stone-like mass when mixed with water
Mortar is used to bond masonry units together or to apply surfaces like tiles, bricks, and stones
Cement Mortar: made with fine sand, requires more cement for strength, mixed by hand or mechanically
Lime Mortar: mixture of lime, sand, and water, low setting and hardening rate, low compressive strength, rarely used
Cement-Lime Mortar: Cement mortar with added lime for plasticity and water retention
Masonry Cement: proprietary mixture of Portland Cement with hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents, and gypsum, only needs sand and water

Mortar Strengths

Type M Mortar: High strength for reinforced masonry used for foundations and retaining walls below ground
Type S Mortar: Medium-high strength for applications where good bond and lateral strength are important
Type N Mortar: Medium-strength for general use above grade, where high compression and lateral strength are not required
Type O Mortar: Low-strength mortar, suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls
Type K Mortar: Very low-strength mortar, suitable for interior non-load-bearing walls

Mortar Proportions

Class AA: 1:1 Cement to Sand Ratio
Class A: 1:2 Cement to Sand Ratio
Class B: 1:3 Cement to Sand Ratio
Class C: 1:4 Cement to Sand Ratio
Class D: 1:5 Cement to Sand Ratio

Plaster

Plaster is a mortar of cementitious materials (lime, gypsum, or cement), sand, and water applied in coats (layers) to provide a hard finish to interior or exterior walls and ceilings
Lime Plaster: a mixture of lime putty (hydrated lime and water) mixed with sand and gypsum plaster for interior and exterior walls and ceilings
Gypsum Plaster: Plaster of Paris with clay, lime, and other materials, covered by trademarks or patents

Plaster Types

Exterior and Interior Walls/Ceilings: Mixed on the job with water, sand, and lime putty, sometimes including hair or fiber
High-Strength Gypsum Plaster: Same as Gypsum plaster but mixed to meet established standards
Fibered Gypsum Plaster: Gypsum plaster premixed with fibers
Prepared Gypsum Plaster: Gypsum plaster mixed with fine white sand
Bonding Plaster: Gypsum plaster mixed with more adhesive strength
Lightweight Gypsum Plaster: Fire-resistant Gypsum plaster with perlite, vermiculite, or other mineral aggregate
Keene's Cement: Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax, burned at 932°F
Portland Cement Plaster: Mixed on the job with water, sand, and lime putty
Plaster of Paris: Used for ornamental plaster work and castings

Plaster Thickness

Metal lath: 5/8"
Lathing board/gypsum block: ½"
Three-coat plastering: scratch and brown coats are ¼" thick, finish coat is 1/8" with a minimum of 1/16" thickness

Sgraffito

Highly decorative plaster technique developed in Italy during the Renaissance
Two or three thin coats of plaster in different colors are applied and then cut away to create a 3D design

Unit Masonry

Unit masonry is built up of building materials (clay, concrete, or stone) set in mortar or plain concrete
Bed: Horizontal surfaces on which bricks or stones rest
Course: A continuous layer of bricks, stones, or masonry units
Wythe/Tier: A continuous vertical section of a wall, one masonry unit thick
Bond: Connection between masonry units, preventing vertical joints from falling over each other (also called a breaking joint)
Stretcher: A brick or block laid lengthwise of a wall
Header: A brick or block extending over the thickness of the wall
Heading course: All bricks/masonry units are headers
Soldier: A unit laid on its end, with its face perpendicular to the wall
Quoins: Corner stones at the angles of buildings, often rusticated

Masonry Walls

Walls are made from modular building blocks or units bonded with mortar
Solid Walls: Simple construction
Cavity Walls: Two layers of masonry with an air space in between
Veneered Walls: A wall structure with a thin layer of facing material over a core wall

Bonding Masonry Walls

Bond Stones: Stones running through the wall thickness at right angles to bind it together
Blocking Courses: A course of stones on top of the cornice or top to crown the wall

Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) Walls

CHBs are made of concrete, portland cement, and aggregates (usually sand and fine gravel)
Lower density blocks can use industrial wastes as an aggregate
Lightweight blocks can use aerated concrete
Dimension of CHB: 8" (200mm) high, 16" (400mm) width and depths vary from 4" to 8" with 2 or 3 holes

Concrete Block or Cement Block (CMU)

A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit (CMU) made of Portland cement and suitable aggregates

Masonry Stress Types

Unreinforced masonry walls: Plain masonry walls with horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties
Reinforced masonry walls: Walls utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout-filled joints and cavities

Other Components

WEEP HOLE: A hole at the bottom of the wall to allow water to drain
GRADE: A level where the top of the wall is
FLASHING MEMBRANES: Waterproof material used for protection from moisture

Stone Building Materials

Stone is a fundamental building material commonly used for exterior and interior surfaces
Granite
Marble
Travertine
Limestone
Sandstone
Slate

Rubble Stone

Rough and irregular shapes delivered from quarries
Scrabbled Rubble: Only the most obvious irregularities are knocked off
Range Rubble: Rough stones dressed and laid to a nearly uniform height.

Dimension Stone

Cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions and a specific thickness

Stonework Types

Ashlar stones are squared and laid in regular courses
Random Work uses stones of different shapes fitted together randomly
Range Work or Coursed Ashlar:
Coursed Ashlar: stones laid in uniform courses of uniform sizes
Broken Range Ashlar: uniform size within courses, but course width and length of the stones is varied
Random Coursed Ashlar: stones laid in courses but their horizontal beds are not uniform, varying size and placement between stones

Rustic or Rock Work

The stone face is jagged or rough, achieved by leaving protruding or projecting stone or stone around the joint areas

Types of Bricks

Common/Building Brick: Used for all purposes
Facing Brick: Specially processed for a specific surface appearance, used for exposed masonry
Glazed Brick: Smooth outer surface, with a dull or high-gloss finish
Fire (Refractory) Brick: Used for furnace linings, fireplaces, and chimneys

Brickwork

Common Bond: A course of headers is placed between every five or six courses of stretchers
English Bond: Alternate courses of headers and stretchers
English Cross Bond: A modified English bond, where the head joints in the stretching courses are offset
Flemish Bond: Alternative headers and stretchers in each course

Standard Brick Size

3-3/4" x 2-1/4" x 8"

ATLAS-CDC Architecture Review

Brick Bonds

Flemish Cross Bond: A modified Flemish bond where courses of alternate headers and stretchers alternate with stretching courses
Flemish Diagonal Bond: A form of Flemish cross bond where courses are offset to create a diamond pattern
Garden-Wall Bond: A brickwork bond suited for lightly loaded boundary walls
Herring-bone: Bricks are laid diagonally to form a herringbone pattern

Brick Joints

Joints between brick courses range from 4.5mm (3/16") to 12mm (1/2")
Flush, keyed, strong, recessed, weathered, and raked out

Other Masonry Units

"DURISOL" Block: Lightweight blocks made from fiber and cement
Plaster Block: Also known as gypsum partition blocks, used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions
Structural Clay Tile: Hollow masonry units open at two ends with interior webs dividing into longitudinal cells

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Module 1 - Materials of Construction - Building Technology (Atlas)