Morphemes and Allomorphs

Morphemes

• Bound morphemes have to attach to other morphemes
• The plural allomorph in "sheep" is a zero allomorph.
• The prefix "hyper-" in "hyperactive" means excessive.
• "-ment" is a derivational suffix.
• The morpheme "-ceive" in "perceive" is a bound root, so cannot stand alone.
• The word "untouchable" contains 3 morphemes.
• Adding "-ed" to "walk" to form "walked" is inflection.
• "run" in "runner" is a free base.
• The suffix "-less" in "fearless" is derivational.
• The plural of "index" (as in books) is "indices".
• An allomorph is a different form of a morpheme.
• Morphemes and allomorphs are a basic concept in descriptive linguistics.
• Morphemes and allomorphs provide insight into the operation of language.
• The stem is what remains after removing inflectional suffixes from an inflectional paradigm.
• An inflectional paradigm is a set of related words composed with the same stem with all possible inflectional suffixes.
• Immediate constituents are two meaningful parts forming a larger linguistic unit.
• In a word ending in an inflectional suffix, the first cut in analysis is between the suffix and word's remaining portion.
• Matches between morphemes and syllables are fortuitous.
• A base is the morpheme in the word with the principal meaning.
• Derivation is the creation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.
• A free morpheme can be uttered alone with meaning.
• Morpheme recurs in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning
• Morphemes can be identified by their lexical or grammatical meaning

Affixes

• Derivational affixes supply the base with lexical and lexico-grammatical meanings, thus forming different words.
• Inflectional suffixes convey grammatical meaning to build different forms of one word.
• A derivational paradigm is a set of related words composed of the same base morpheme and all derivational affixes that can go with it.
• Class-maintaining derivational affixes do not change the word class.
• A bound base can never occur on its own,only joined to other bound morphemes.
• Inflectional affixes represent grammatical categories.
• Derivational affixes create new words from existing words or morphemes upon addition
• Class-changing affixes change the word class
• Inflection is adding an affix to a word/changing it based on grammar rules
• Most English nouns have plain and inflected forms

Paradigm

• A set of relative forms of a noun is a four-form inflectional noun paradigm.
• The inflected form is formed by adding inflectional suffixes to the plain form
• Irregular verbs have four inflected forms.
• Three-form inflectional paradigms exist for adjectives of one/two syllables and for monosyllabic adverbs.
• Derivational affixes give the base components of lexical and lexico-grammatical meanings, forming different words.
• Adding derivational affixes to base morphemes gives varying derivational paradigms.
• The ultimate constituent after removing functional/derivational affixes that does not admit further analysis is the base.
• Morpheme sets with the same base and all possible derivational affixes is a derivational paradigm
• Functional suffixes convey grammatical meaning
• Compound words can't be divided by the insertion of any other elements.
• Grammatical structures can be divided by the insertion of elements
• Arrangements in a compound may differ greatly from grammatical structure in order.

Compounds

• Knowing each element's meaning in a compound word does not guarantee understanding the combination's overall meaning.
• Reduplicative compounds repeat the first element to intensify effect.
• Ablaut compounds are twin forms of a basic morpheme repeated with a different vowel.
• Rhyme compounds are twin forms of two rhyming pseudo-morphemes.
• Words expressing appearing virtuous and respected behavior, are goody-goody
• Plural of datum is data
• Adding derivational affixes to base morphemes creates derivation paradigms

Analysis

• Immediate Constituent Analysis breaks down complex forms into meaningful subparts
• The first cut for the word "unhappiness" divides it into "un-" + "happiness."
• The immediate constituents of "disapprove" are "dis-" + "approve".
• The ultimate constituents of "nationalization" are "nation" + "-al" + "-ize" + "-ation."
• Immediate Constituent Analysis is guided by the principle that each division should produce meaningful units.
• "replay" divides first into "re-" + "play".
• The immediate constituents of "blackbird" are "black" + "bird".
• In analyzing "disloyalty," the correct IC division is "dis-" + "loyalty."
• Free form units can stand alone with meaning
• The first cut in "unlockable" prioritizes separating the affix.
• "friendship" divides into "friend" + "-ship."
• The ultimate constituent of "happily" is "happy" + "-ly."
• Derivation produces new words by adding affixes

Other Terms and Processes

• Burgle" from "burglar" is back-formation
• The suffix "-hood" in "childhood" is derivational.
• "go" -> "went" shows suppletion.
• The immediate constituents of "repaint" are "re-" + "paint".
• In "unhappily," the first division is between "un-" + "happily".
• The suffix "-dom" in "kingdom" is derivational.
• "misunderstanding" has 4 morphemes.
• "sub-" in "submarine" means under
• "dict" in "predict" is a root.
• "dogs" includes an inflectional suffix.
• "graph-" in "autograph" is a bound base.
• The ICs of "undercooked" include "under-" + "cooked".
• FANUC" (Factory Automation Numerical Control) is an acronym -"moped" (motor + pedal) is a blend.
• Sci-fi" (science fiction) is formed by blending
• Creating "babysit" from "babysitter" is back-formation
• In Immediate Constituent analysis, the term "cut" refers to dividing an item into two parts.

Word Origins

• The word "robot" entered English via borrowing.
• "dis-" in "disconnect" is a prefix.
• Staycation" (stay + vacation) exemplifies blending
• Derivational class-changing adjective forming suffix {-able} has three allomorphs
• We show the word formation process in reverse when we analyze a word
• Reduce the word into its ultimate constituents by dividing the word into two parts andcontinuing to cut every part into two more
• “-al" in "arrival" is a noun-forming, derivational class-changing suffix meaning "process or state of"
• "s" in the word "builds" as an allomorph of the third person singular present tense inflectional verb.
• "obstructionists" has 5 constituents
• Word "confidential" has 4 constituents.
• "newspaperdom" has 3 constituents.

Further Definitions

• "mal-" in "malconstruction" is a derivational class-maintaining prefix for "bad" or "wrong."
• "contra-" in "contradictionary" is a derivational class-maintaining prefix, meaning "against" or "opposite to."
• "-flam-" in "inflammation" is an allomorph of "flame."
• "Philosoph-" in "philosopher" is an allomorph of "philosophy."
• A free morpheme can be uttered alone and hold meaning
• Morphemes recur in verbal environments with relatively stable meaning
• We can recognize a morpheme by its lexical or grammatical meaning.
• "Icelandic" has 2 free bases as nouns.
• -al" is a derivational class-changing adjective forming suffix which means "of" or "concerning" as in the word "supernatural."
• Inflectional suffixes give grammatical meaning and they build different forms of one and the same word
• A derivational paradigm is a set of related words of the same base morpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go with this base
• Class-maintaining derivational affixes do not change the word class to which they are attached
• "Brunch" (breakfast+lunch) is an example of blending
• "scuba" (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) is an acronym
• "televise" is derived from "television" via back-formation
• "flip-flop" is a reduplicative compound
• "gym" is a clipped form of "gymnasium"
• "motel"(motor + hotel) is a blend
• FOMO (fear of missing out) is an acronym
• term for stress differences in blackboard (compound) vs black board (phrase) is suprasegmental
• The compound "brother-in-law" is hyphenated
• "Sitcom"(situation + comedy) is formed by blending
• "breathylyzer" (breath+analyzer) is a blend Stress in "hot dog (food) vs "hot DOG" (animal) is suprasegmental difference The term for creating "laser" light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is acronymy
• "Fanzine"(fan+magazine) is a blend
• "Emote" from "emotion" is back formation
• Clipped form "Info" derives from information\
• Blog (web+log) is a blend
• Compound "blackmail" is idiomatic because its non compositional
• Stress in greenhouse is syllable emphasis
• Flip flop is an ablaut compounf
• Karaoke entered English via borrowing
• "Tsunami" is a loanword from Japanese
• Creating verb google from Google the noun is conversion
• "#" hashtag is an example of a neologism
• "Robots" term to robot (from Czech robota) is borrowing
• "Fung Shui" is a term borrowed from Chinese
• Emoji originated in Japanese
• Gruntled (humorous) from disgruntled is abck formation\
• The term edit to editor is derivation
• -ize is derivational
• The plural of octopus can be octopi or octopuses
• The bound base telephone "tele" means distance

Bound Base Meanings

• Psycho mind\
• Morph form
• term heat
• graph writes
• derm skin
• phon sound
• path disease
• hydro water
• geo earth
• phil means love
• log is study tele distance struct build audi hearing ped foot scope viewing instrument Cycl wheel
• A process of for,inf peddle from pennler is back formation

Final Points

• The term for stress differences in "HOT DOG" and "hot dog food or animal" is suprasegmental
• The compound pickpocket is idiomatic
• The Morpheme CEICEIVE in deceive and receive is a cranberry morpheme
• The word biology combines bio life and logy study and it's a subordinative compound
• The word support spoon + pork is formed by blending
• The term for creating AD from advertisement is clipping
• FBI is an initialism
• Hashtag is the newest words neologism