Moral Systems and Ethical Theories Chapter 2.1
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Moral Systems and Ethical Theories Chapter 2.1

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic describes a moral system as accessible to everyone?

  • Informality
  • Rationality
  • Publicness (correct)
  • Impartiality

    • Which principle is NOT associated with deriving and justifying rules within a moral system?

  • Historical precedents (correct)
  • Philosophical ethics
  • Religious tenets
  • Core values

    • What is the main purpose of morality according to the content?

  • To prevent harm and promote human flourishing (correct)
  • To establish a formal legal system
  • To enforce strict adherence to religious beliefs
  • To create guidelines for economic policies

    • What does the principle of beneficence guide a decision maker to do?

    <p>Do what is right and good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are rules of conduct in the context of a moral system primarily intended to do?

    <p>Guide individual actions in a community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of a moral system ensures that rules apply fairly to all participants?

    <p>Impartiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental characteristic of a moral system according to Gert?

    <p>It has no formal authoritative judges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the components of a moral system?

    <p>Rules of conduct and principles of evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal shared by ethical theories?

    <p>To contribute to the well-being of humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT part of the moral foundations mentioned in the content?

    <p>Transcendence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'Last Harm' focus on when no beneficial choices are apparent?

    <p>Choosing to do the least harm possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of a moral system indicates that the rules are accessible to all members?

    <p>Public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which ethical principle are individuals allowed to make decisions that pertain to their own lives?

    <p>Respect for Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of moral rules is associated with guiding actions based on beliefs?

    <p>Core values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we engage in philosophical/ethical analysis?

    <p>To support a position or claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a rational moral system from others?

    <p>Based on principles and logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory posits that there are no universal moral norms?

    <p>Ethical Relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are principles of evaluation utilized in a moral system?

    <p>To justify rules of conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Subjective Relativism imply about moral disagreements between individuals?

    <p>They cannot genuinely occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Ethical Relativism Theory?

    <p>Morality is defined by societal or individual beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a directive in a moral system?

    <p>Do not steal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical theories, what distinguishes Consequence-based (Utilitarian) ethics?

    <p>Emphasis on outcome and overall benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contrast between Subjective Relativism and Moral Objectivism?

    <p>Subjective Relativism allows for varied moral approvals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of ethical theories is characterized by duties and obligations?

    <p>Duty-based (Deontology)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant drawback of subjective relativism?

    <p>It blurs the distinction between right and wrong actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural relativism asserts that an action is morally right if:

    <p>It is approved by one's culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of cultural relativism?

    <p>It fosters cooperation and respect among diverse cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the disadvantages of cultural relativism?

    <p>It can lead to chaos when moral codes vary widely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural relativism suggest about moral principles?

    <p>Moral judgments are relative to different cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cultural relativism deemed not a workable ethical theory?

    <p>It relies heavily on the assumption of human perfection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of individuals defining their own moral codes under cultural relativism?

    <p>Reduction in cultural diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of moral judgments, cultural relativism emphasizes that:

    <p>Different cultures can have conflicting moral practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underpins the ethical view of Divine Command Theory?

    <p>The existence of God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Divine Command Theory, what characterizes good actions?

    <p>Actions aligned with God's will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary advantages of Divine Command Theory?

    <p>It provides clear guidance through holy texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical disadvantage of Divine Command Theory in a multicultural society?

    <p>It presumes all religions have the same moral code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might God's commands in Divine Command Theory be problematic?

    <p>They require personal interpretation which can vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a misconception about Divine Command Theory?

    <p>Divine Command Theory promotes reasoning in ethical decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Divine Command Theory, how are moral rules characterized?

    <p>They are universal and apply at all times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue does Divine Command Theory face regarding divine commands?

    <p>They can be easily misconstrued by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Moral Systems and Ethical Theories

    • Morality comprises rules of conduct that guide behavior in society, aiming to prevent harm and promote human flourishing.
    • Ethics is the philosophical study of morality, examining individuals' moral beliefs and actions.
    • A moral system includes:
      • Rules of Conduct: Directives for individual actions (micro-level) and policies for society (macro-level).
      • Principles of Evaluation: Standards to justify rules, such as justice and fairness.

    Basic Components of a Moral System

    • Rules of Conduct: Examples include directives like "Do not steal" and "Do not harm others."
    • Principles of Evaluation: Justification of social policies (e.g., respecting privacy).

    Principles for Morality

    • Moral foundations include care for the vulnerable, fairness, loyalty to social groups, authority within hierarchies, and sanctity.

    Four Features of a Moral System

    • Public: Rules are widely known among members.
    • Informal: No formal authoritative judges exist.
    • Rational: Based on logical principles accessible to all.
    • Impartial: Designed to apply equitably to all participants.

    Deriving and Justifying Rules

    • Core Values: Fundamental beliefs that dictate behavior and distinguish right from wrong.
    • Rules are evaluated based on religion, law, and philosophical ethics.

    Goals of Ethical Analysis

    • To critically evaluate arguments, support claims, provide logical reasoning, and encourage meaningful dialogue.

    Ethical Principles

    • Beneficence: Focus on doing good and addressing ethical dilemmas.
    • Last Harm: Choose options that minimize harm when no beneficial choice exists.
    • Respect for Autonomy: Allow individuals to make their own decisions reflecting their lifestyles.
    • Justice: Ensure fair actions for all involved.

    Types of Ethical Theories

    • Ethical Relativism: No universal moral norms; opinions on right and wrong vary by individual or culture.
    • Subjective Relativism: Each person defines their own moral framework, leading to opposing views being equally valid.
    • Cultural Relativism: Moral rightness is determined by societal approval, varying across cultures and times.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Theories

    • Cultural Relativism Advantages:

      • Promotes cooperation and respect.
      • Fosters societal equality and preserves diverse human cultures.

    • Cultural Relativism Disadvantages:

      • Can lead to personal bias in moral definitions.
      • Risks creating chaos due to the absence of universal moral standards.

    Divine Command Theory

    • Based on theism, where moral judgments stem from God's commandments.
    • Actions aligned with God's will are considered good; those against it are bad.
    • Holy texts serve as guides for moral actions.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Divine Command Theory

    • Advantages:

      • Obligation to obey a creator; commands set universal moral rules applicable to all.
      • Provides objective moral standards independent of societal opinions.

    • Disadvantages:

      • Assumes uniformity among diverse cultures, which is unrealistic.
      • Relies heavily on obedience rather than rational evaluation.
      • Interpretation of scriptures can lead to varied understandings of morality.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various moral systems and ethical theories presented in Chapter 2.1. Learn how these theories form the basis for addressing ethical, security, and social issues in computing. Ideal for students looking to deepen their understanding of ethical concepts.

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