Moral Relativism and Objectivism Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the Moral Diversity Thesis primarily accept?

  • Norms of prohibition are universal.
  • Virtue Ethics is universally accepted.
  • Moral beliefs can conflict between cultures. (correct)
  • All cultures share the same moral beliefs.

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the types of Moral Diversity mentioned?

  • Norms of acceptance (correct)
  • Norms of conflict
  • Norms of requirement
  • Norms of prohibition

    • What is one of the conflicts that arise from intercultural norms?

  • All cultures accept the same moral code.
  • A prohibited action is accepted in one culture while another requires it. (correct)
  • Some actions are prohibited in all cultures.
  • All cultures have uniform ethical standards.

    • How does Natural Law Theory view ethical standards?

    <p>It proposes that intrinsic values govern behavior and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher deviated from the Stoic belief regarding fate and purpose?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of virtue ethics?

    <p>Relating actions to virtues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of following Divine Command and Natural Law Theory?

    <p>Establishment of universal moral truths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to virtue ethics, how is virtue most commonly acquired?

    <p>Through repetitive acts of goodness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does moral diversity present a challenge in a pluralistic society?

    <p>It creates conflicts in values and standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following virtues does virtue ethics not consider?

    <p>Dishonesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Stoics' view on human life?

    <p>Human life is governed by fate or destiny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In virtue ethics, what should a virtuous person do when faced with a moral decision?

    <p>Consider whether their decision aligns with their virtues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does wisdom play in virtue ethics according to Aristotle?

    <p>Wisdom is attained through the practice of virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a vice in virtue ethics?

    <p>A trait of character central to the moral evaluation of a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about achieving virtue?

    <p>It can be achieved easily with the right motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a virtuous person do according to Aristotle's view?

    <p>Know their actions and willfully choose virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Normative Relativism state regarding the judgment of cultures?

    <p>No one can judge others' cultural beliefs as inferior or superior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Descriptive Relativism differ from Metaethical Relativism?

    <p>Descriptive Relativism acknowledges cultural variability without making moral judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Context-Sensitivity Thesis?

    <p>It highlights that specific circumstances can influence moral truths independently of culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Moral Objectivism argue in contrast to Moral Relativism?

    <p>Some moral norms exist independently of cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common critique of Normative Relativism?

    <p>It leads to a framework where respect for all cultures is problematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'situational relativism' refer to?

    <p>The understanding that context can dictate moral judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Herodotus, how is culture related to moral standards?

    <p>Different cultures may hold varying standards of good and bad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Moral Relativism stated in the content?

    <p>Cultural norms dictate what is considered right and wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Timmons identify as the highest good?

    <p>An end for which all other ends are ultimately pursued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is essential to understanding what it means to be human?

    <p>Understanding one's proper function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does virtue signify in Timmons' discussion?

    <p>Central to achieving happiness in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In his ethics, how does Thomas Aquinas build on Aristotle's ideas?

    <p>By introducing the presence of God as humanity's final end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

    <p>To cultivate virtue and freedom from suffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Confucius emphasize regarding virtuous behavior?

    <p>Practicing good based on one's nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between virtue and right action according to Virtue Ethics?

    <p>Facts about virtuous agents explain why an action is right or wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction of the highest good in Timmons' perspective?

    <p>It is pursued for itself and not for any other purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental virtue in Daoism associated with the concept of 'effortless action'?

    <p>Wu Wei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the central idea of Daoism?

    <p>Harmony with the Dao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kant’s concept of duty differ from utilitarianism?

    <p>It views duty as what we ought to do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, acting immorally is defined as acting in a way that is contrary to what?

    <p>Reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the practice of Wu Wei encourage individuals to cultivate in their lives?

    <p>Selflessness and moderation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about Kant’s views on moral requirements?

    <p>They arise from practical reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Kant's moral theory on duty?

    <p>Universal laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is particularly associated with the Enlightenment and known for his ideas on duty ethics?

    <p>Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Moral Relativism

    • When immersed in a culture, individuals accept and create their own moral code
    • Relativism states that morality is relative to culture, leading to conflicting views on what actions are right or wrong
    • Descriptive Relativism observes differences in moral beliefs across cultures
    • Normative Relativism argues that no culture should be judged superior or inferior to others

    Moral Objectivism

    • Moral objectivism claims that some moral norms hold true regardless of culture and are not dependent on social norms
    • It stands in direct opposition to moral relativism

    Context Sensitivity and Moral Diversity

    • Context sensitivity acknowledges the influence of specific circumstances on moral judgments, regardless of cultural perspectives
    • Moral Diversity thesis describes the existence of conflicting moral beliefs across cultures

    Natural Law Theory

    • Natural Law theory suggests that humans possess innate values that guide their behavior
    • Stoicism emphasizes the concept of "logos spermatikos", a rational seed within humanity, guiding fate or destiny
    • Aristotle distinguishes human nature from human life, asserting a purpose to existence rather than predetermined fate

    Virtue Ethics

    • Virtue ethics emphasizes that actions must align with virtues to be considered ethical
    • Virtue is a foundation of character, acquired through repeated acts of goodness
    • Virtue ethics prioritizes actions that lead to a "good life" and encompasses virtues such as honesty, integrity, diligence, and generosity

    Immanuel Kant's Deontological Ethics (Duty Ethics)

    • Kant's thought blends rationalism and empiricism, seeking a balance between reason and experience

    • Kant argues that moral requirements are rational commands, and acting immorally is a deviation from reason

    • Duty is what we ought to do, emphasizing the intrinsic rightness of the act rather than its consequences

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in moral philosophy, comparing moral relativism and objectivism. It delves into how culture shapes moral beliefs and examines context sensitivity and moral diversity. Additionally, it touches on natural law theory and its implications on human behavior.

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