1.3. PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE
88 Questions
16 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Utilitarianism, as a form of consequentialism, asserts that the morality of an action is primarily determined by what?

  • The intentions and character of the person performing the action.
  • The extent to which it maximizes overall happiness and minimizes unhappiness. (correct)
  • Whether the action aligns with established social norms, regardless of outcome.
  • Its adherence to a set of predefined, universal moral duties.

A city council is deciding whether to build a new public park or a new parking garage. Using a purely utilitarian approach, which factor should be the MOST decisive?

  • The project that is preferred by the majority of council members.
  • Ensuring the project aligns with historical preservation guidelines for the area.
  • Estimating which project will generate the greatest overall happiness for the community. (correct)
  • The project that is most cost-effective, regardless of public benefit.

Which scenario presents a significant challenge to utilitarianism, highlighting concerns about individual rights?

  • Investing in renewable energy sources to combat climate change.
  • Forcing a healthy individual to donate an organ to save multiple lives. (correct)
  • Implementing a progressive tax system to fund social welfare programs.
  • A doctor prioritizing treatment for patients with the most critical conditions.

What is a key difference between utilitarianism and deontology?

<p>Utilitarianism focuses solely on consequences, while deontology considers adherence to moral rules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, which of the following best describes the concept of 'moral democracy' in relation to Utilitarianism?

<p>Moral democracy is distinct because Utilitarianism focuses on the quantity of happiness generated, not just the number of people affected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant's categorical imperative, which principle is essential when considering an action's morality?

<p>Acting only on a maxim that you can simultaneously will to become a universal law. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios poses a significant challenge to deontological ethics?

<p>A conflict arises between two absolute moral duties, such as honesty and protecting a life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In virtue ethics, what is the primary focus when determining the right course of action?

<p>Emulating the character and actions of a virtuous person in similar circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does virtue ethics address the concept of partiality, particularly in different roles or relationships?

<p>By acknowledging that different virtues may be more relevant or appropriate depending on the specific role or relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant criticism of virtue ethics concerning its practical application?

<p>It provides insufficient guidance for specific actions in complex moral dilemmas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a hospital formulates a policy regarding patients who decline blood transfusions, what is the primary goal of including 'urgent legal guidance' in the solutions and recommendations?

<p>To protect the hospital from potential legal liabilities related to respecting patient rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In creating guidelines for managing situations similar to a patient declining blood transfusions, what is the MOST important aim?

<p>To offer a structured yet flexible framework that respects patient autonomy while ensuring appropriate medical care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do legal principles and ethical considerations interact when dealing with a patient who declines a blood transfusion based on their beliefs?

<p>Legal principles provide a framework for respecting patient autonomy, influenced by ethical considerations such as beneficence and non-maleficence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the primary role of consulting the Clinical Ethics Committee early in the case of a patient refusing a blood transfusion?

<p>To provide a multidisciplinary forum for ethical analysis, ensuring all relevant perspectives are considered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of healthcare ethics, what is the significance of informed consent forms and educational videos aimed at patients who may decline certain treatments?

<p>To ensure patients have access to all necessary information to make an autonomous decision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a healthcare setting, when a patient's autonomy conflicts with beneficence and non-maleficence, what is the most appropriate initial step for a healthcare provider?

<p>Attempt to understand the patient's preferences and rationale, and explore alternative options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When faced with an ethical dilemma, what is the purpose of gathering scientific and medical information, legal considerations, and ethical perspectives in the decision-making process?

<p>To provide a comprehensive foundation for analyzing the dilemma and building moral arguments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a situation where a patient's family refuses a blood transfusion due to their religious beliefs, which clashes with the medical team's belief in beneficence, how should the healthcare provider integrate consequentialism into their decision-making process?

<p>By weighing both the positive and negative consequences of administering or not administering the transfusion, considering all stakeholders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might strong human rights culture influence a healthcare provider's decision-making process when faced with an ethical dilemma involving conflicting cultural or religious beliefs?

<p>It prompts the healthcare provider to prioritize human rights, potentially questioning cultural relativism, and to seek the most rights-respecting resolution in the specific context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the principles of virtue ethics be applied in resolving an ethical dilemma where a patient refuses a potentially life-saving treatment due to personal beliefs?

<p>By emulating how a virtuous and compassionate healthcare provider would respond in a similar situation, balancing respect for autonomy with concern for well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions best embodies the initial step of 'Identify & articulate ethical dilemma' in a healthcare setting?

<p>Recognizing the conflicting values and duties involved, and clearly defining the central ethical question. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the five-step problem-solving approach, what is the primary goal of the 'Gather information' step when faced with an ethical dilemma?

<p>To collect all relevant medical, social, and contextual details necessary for informed decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 'Analyse data' step of ethical problem-solving, what activity is MOST crucial?

<p>Objectively assessing gathered information, including potential biases, to understand the ethical implications of each option. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key objective of the 'Develop Policy' step in resolving ethical dilemmas within an institution?

<p>To establish a set of guiding principles and procedures that promote ethical conduct and provide a framework for future similar situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the five-step ethical problem-solving approach, what does 'Implement policy' primarily involve?

<p>Disseminating the policy, providing comprehensive training, and ensuring resources are available for effective application and continuous improvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of the 14-year-old patient, Ms. P, who requires a blood transfusion but whose family refuses due to religious beliefs, which action aligns best with the 'Gather information' step?

<p>Consulting with the hospital ethics committee and legal team while also exploring the patient's understanding of the situation and her wishes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the 'Analyse data' step in Ms. P's case, what consideration is MOST relevant when evaluating potential actions?

<p>The potential legal ramifications of overriding the family's religious beliefs versus the ethical duty to preserve the patient's life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With reference to the case study, keeping in mind the five-step ethical problem-solving approach, what should be the next immediate step after implementing a new policy regarding religious objections to medical treatment?

<p>To monitor how the policy is applied, gather feedback, and revise it as necessary to address unforeseen issues or improve its effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When uncertainty arises about the appropriate use of terms like 'health' or 'disease' in medicine, what type of philosophical question is being posed?

<p>Conceptual questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If empirical evidence alone cannot resolve a disagreement about the morality of a medical practice, such as euthanasia, what must be applied to address the ethical dimension of the issue?

<p>Philosophical analysis and ethical reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can philosophical concepts and ideas influence medical practice?

<p>They provide frameworks for interpreting experiences and making value judgments, which guide decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering whether to prioritize a patient's autonomy or act in their best interest (beneficence), what type of philosophical question is being addressed?

<p>An evaluative question (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethics, as a subdiscipline of philosophy, contribute to resolving complex moral issues within healthcare?

<p>By offering a framework to evaluate and understand the principles that define right and wrong behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST comprehensive definition of professionalism in medical practice, incorporating both competence and ethical considerations?

<p>The habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge, and skills for the benefit of the individual and community, combined with a commitment to the wellbeing of individuals and the public good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physician is active on social media and posts about a challenging case, altering the details slightly to protect patient confidentiality. However, a colleague recognizes the case and identifies the patient. What ethical principle has the physician MOST likely violated?

<p>Patient privacy and confidentiality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'certitude humility' contribute to a healthcare professional's ethical practice?

<p>It encourages healthcare professionals to acknowledge the limits of their knowledge and seek help when necessary, ensuring patient safety and promoting a culture of continuous learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a complex interaction between a physician's right to conscientious objection and a patient's right to treatment?

<p>A doctor refusing to perform a specific medical procedure that is against their deeply held moral beliefs, but ensuring the patient is referred to another qualified professional. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medical practitioner discovers that a colleague is struggling with substance abuse, which appears to be affecting their patient care. According to ethical guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate initial course of action?

<p>Approach the colleague privately to express concerns and offer support, while also emphasizing the potential impact on patient safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios MOST directly exemplifies 'overservicing of patients' as a violation of ethical medical practice?

<p>Ordering a battery of diagnostic tests for a minor complaint, primarily to maximize revenue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physician is found guilty of 'improper relations with patients.' Which action would MOST likely lead to this verdict?

<p>Engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship with a current patient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A doctor consistently neglects to review a patient's complete medical history before prescribing medication, resulting in adverse drug interactions. This behavior MOST directly constitutes:

<p>Insufficient care of patients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST severe penalty that can be imposed on a healthcare professional found guilty of ethical misconduct?

<p>Being struck off the roll. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would LEAST likely be considered a form of racial discrimination in a healthcare setting?

<p>Prioritizing patients for treatment based on the severity of their condition, irrespective of their race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case study provided, what is the MOST ethically responsible initial action for the 5th-year student who observes signs of drug abuse in their colleague?

<p>Discuss observations with the student in a private, supportive manner to understand the situation and encourage them to seek help. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY ethical concern raised by a healthcare professional practicing while impaired due to substance abuse?

<p>The risk posed to patient safety and well-being due to compromised judgment and skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond immediate disciplinary actions, what long-term institutional policy would BEST address the issue of impaired colleagues in healthcare?

<p>Creating a confidential support program that encourages self-reporting and provides access to treatment and rehabilitation services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain tissue. Which type of infectious agent is MOST likely involved?

<p>Prion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a foodborne illness. Lab results indicate the presence of aflatoxins in their system. Exposure to which of the following organisms is MOST likely the cause?

<p><em>Aspergillus flavus</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A microbiologist is attempting to classify a newly discovered bacterium. Initial tests reveal that the bacterium retains crystal violet stain after being subjected to a Gram stain procedure. Which characteristic is MOST directly indicated by this result?

<p>The bacterium is Gram-positive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual develops an opportunistic infection following prolonged antibiotic use. Cultures reveal the presence of Candida albicans. This infection is BEST classified as which type of infection?

<p>Fungal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a parasitic infection after traveling to an area with poor sanitation. Which characteristic is MOST fundamental in defining parasites as a class of infectious agents?

<p>Their reliance on a host organism for sustenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the VINDICATE classification framework, which category would BEST describe a disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides?

<p>Infectious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that both schistosomiasis and echinococcosis are helminth infections, what is the MOST critical difference in their modes of transmission that impacts preventative public health strategies?

<p>Schistosomiasis involves snails as intermediate hosts, while echinococcosis is often linked to domestic animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with liver cysts, and echinococcosis is suspected. Which question about the patient's history would provide the MOST relevant information for assessing their risk?

<p>Do you own any domestic animals such as dogs or livestock, and how closely do you interact with them? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating potential drug targets for helminth infections. Considering the unique biology of helminths compared to human cells, which of the following would represent the MOST selective target?

<p>A receptor protein found exclusively on the surface of helminth cells that is essential for nutrient uptake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a clinical trial assessing a new drug to treat schistosomiasis, researchers observe that while the drug effectively reduces parasite load, it also causes significant liver damage in some patients. Which ethical principle is MOST directly challenged by these findings?

<p>Beneficence and Non-maleficence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of chemical injury directly involves alteration of the DNA sequence?

<p>Mutagenic effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to which of the following chemical agents is MOST associated with an increased risk of teratogenic effects during pregnancy?

<p>All listed options (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with burns covering a large portion of their body. Which type of physical agent is primarily responsible for this injury?

<p>Thermal injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on biological tissues?

<p>Ionizing radiation can damage DNA directly, while non-ionizing radiation primarily causes thermal effects or indirect DNA damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies a disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors?

<p>A child develops lung cancer later in life due to both a family history of cancer and prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A factory worker develops a chronic cough and shortness of breath after years of exposure to fine particulate matter. This condition is MOST likely caused by which type of environmental agent?

<p>Chemical agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person experiences hypothermia after being exposed to extremely cold temperatures for an extended period. Which category of physical agents is responsible for this condition?

<p>Thermal injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who has been diagnosed with cancer is undergoing radiation therapy. What type of physical agent is being used in this treatment, and how does it primarily work?

<p>Ionizing radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a clinical setting?

<p>Implementing comprehensive patient education programs focusing on medication adherence and potential side effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Uppsala Monitoring Centre, under the guidance of the WHO, contribute to global pharmacovigilance?

<p>By operating VigiBase, which compiles and analyzes ADR reports from around the world to detect global safety signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare professional in South Africa suspects a patient is experiencing an ADR from a recently prescribed medication. According to SAHPRA guidelines, what is their MOST critical initial responsibility?

<p>Reporting the suspected ADR to SAHPRA, providing detailed information about the reaction and the medication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pharmacovigilance, why is it important for multiple organizations within a country to collect ADR information?

<p>To facilitate information sharing and expedite ADR identification, leveraging diverse reporting sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of pharmacovigilance activities related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

<p>To improve the safe and rational use of medicines, thereby enhancing patient care and public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiences a predictable, dose-related drop in blood pressure after starting a new antihypertensive medication. How would this best be classified?

<p>As a Type A adverse drug reaction, reflecting an exaggerated but expected pharmacological effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient develops a severe rash and angioedema shortly after the first dose of a beta-lactam antibiotic. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is MOST likely responsible?

<p>Type I, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention would MOST effectively address the under-reporting of ADRs by healthcare professionals?

<p>Simplifying the ADR reporting process and providing ongoing education on the importance of pharmacovigilance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new signal is identified in VigiBase suggesting a potential link between a widely used antihypertensive drug and a rare cardiovascular event. What IMMEDIATE action should national regulatory authorities take?

<p>Alert healthcare professionals and the public about the potential risk, advising increased monitoring of patients taking the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clinical trial identifies a previously unreported adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with a new medication. According to global pharmacovigilance practices, what is the MOST important initial step?

<p>Report the ADR to the appropriate regulatory authority (e.g., FDA, EMA). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding the different types of hypersensitivity reactions inform strategies for preventing ADRs?

<p>By guiding the selection of alternative medications with different mechanisms of action, reducing the risk of cross-reactivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the DoTS classification of ADRs, which factor BEST describes the 'Time' component?

<p>The temporal relationship between drug exposure and the onset of the adverse reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A geriatric patient with impaired renal function is prescribed a medication cleared primarily through the kidneys. Which of the following strategies is MOST appropriate to prevent ADRs?

<p>Monitor drug levels and adjust the dose based on renal function tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient taking multiple medications develops an unexpected and severe drug interaction. According to the Rawlins-Thompson classification, which type of ADR is MOST likely?

<p>Type A, as drug interactions are generally predictable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman experiences a different drug effect compared to a man of similar weight and age taking the same medication. Which factor is MOST likely responsible for this difference?

<p>Gender – differences in body composition and hormonal factors can influence drug absorption and distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient develops a photosensitivity reaction after taking a new medication. According to the DoTS classification, which component is BEST highlighted by this reaction?

<p>Susceptibility, as only certain individuals exposed to the drug and sunlight develop the reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST exemplifies an adverse drug reaction (ADR) as opposed to a simple side effect?

<p>A patient develops anaphylaxis after receiving a dose of penicillin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiences a previously unrecognised adverse reaction to a newly approved medication. According to SAHPRA guidelines, what action should healthcare professionals take?

<p>Report the adverse reaction to SAHPRA, regardless of its severity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes MOST significantly to the increasing challenge of managing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in modern healthcare?

<p>The increasing complexity of therapeutics, an aging population, and rising multimorbidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports experiencing several unpleasant side effects after starting a new prescription medication. What is the MOST appropriate initial action a healthcare provider should take?

<p>Thoroughly evaluate the reported symptoms to determine if they constitute an ADR and manage accordingly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the distinction between a 'side effect' and an 'adverse drug reaction' (ADR)?

<p>Side effects are any effects of a drug other than the desired one, while ADRs are unintended, undesirable effects that occur at normal doses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is taking multiple medications and begins to experience a new symptom. How should a healthcare professional determine if this symptom is an adverse drug reaction(ADR)?

<p>Assess the temporal relationship between medication use and symptom onset, and consider other potential causes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare provider suspects a patient is experiencing an adverse drug reaction (ADR). What primary information should be included when reporting the ADR?

<p>Detailed information about the suspected drug, the reaction experienced, and patient details. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who self-treats with over-the-counter (OTC) medications develops an unexpected adverse reaction. Why is it important for this reaction to be reported to the appropriate authorities?

<p>To ensure comprehensive monitoring of drug safety and identify potential risks associated with OTC medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethical Theories

Theories that attempt to explain what makes behavior right or wrong.

Utilitarianism

A type of consequentialism where the moral status of an action is determined only by its consequences.

Core Principle of Utilitarianism

Actions are right if they maximize happiness and minimize unhappiness, with everyone's happiness counting equally.

Deontology

An ethical theory where something inherent to actions, like adherence to moral rules, determines their rightness or wrongness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Consequentialism

Moral value is determined by consequences. The ends justify the means.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Categorical Imperative

A moral principle to act only on maxims that you can will to become universal laws.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respect for Persons

Always treat humanity as an end, and never simply as a means.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Virtue Ethics

Ethical system focused on the character of the moral agent rather than actions/consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Virtue

A character trait manifested in habitual action that it is good for a person to have; mean between two vices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Virtue Ethics - Strengths

This ethical approach emphasizes motivation and allows for partiality, suiting different roles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Treatment Protocol

A structured plan for managing patients who decline blood transfusions, covering both emergencies and routine cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Patient Consultation Team

A team available to provide guidance and support to patients facing difficult medical decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Comprehensive Consent Form

A document ensuring the patient understands the risks/benefits of refusing a blood transfusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Ethics Committee

A committee that assists in resolving complex ethical dilemmas such as refusal of blood transfusions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Guidelines

Statements of intent describing how a problem should be managed in the future.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Identify & Articulate Dilemma

The initial process of clearly defining the ethical issue at hand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomy (in ethics)

Respecting a patient's independence and their right to make their own choices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beneficence (in ethics)

Acting in the patient's best interest and maximizing positive outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-maleficence (in ethics)

Avoiding harm to the patient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Establish Necessary Info

Gathering relevant scientific, medical, legal, and ethical details.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Moral Dilemma

A situation where moral obligations require incompatible actions, making it impossible to satisfy all requirements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethical Problem-Solving Approach

A structured method for navigating complex ethical challenges.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Identify & Articulate Ethical Dilemma

The initial step in addressing an ethical challenge, involving clear and precise definition of the problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gather Information

The process of collecting all relevant facts, perspectives, and legal aspects related to the ethical issue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analyse Data

Involves scrutinizing gathered information to reveal the core values at stake and potential conflicts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Develop Policy

Creating guidelines or protocols to address similar ethical issues in the future.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implement Policy

Putting the developed policy into practice and ensuring adherence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jehovah's Witness Blood Transfusion Dilemma

A conflict arises between respecting a patient's or their family's religious beliefs and the medical need to provide life-saving treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Philosophy?

A discipline that seeks to answer questions not solvable through empirical investigation alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Philosophical Questions

Questions that can't be answered by observation or experiment alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concepts and Ideas

Thought structures that give meaning to our experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conceptual Questions

Questions that examine the meaning of concepts and their appropriate use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evaluative Questions

Questions that explore how we should live and the values guiding our choices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Professional Competence

The habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge, skills, reasoning, emotions, values, and reflection in practice, for the benefit of the community.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Professionalism

A commitment to the wellbeing of individuals, serving communities, and acting for the public good.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Competence (Professional Responsibility)

Demonstrating the necessary knowledge, skills, behaviors, and judgment in a clinical setting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respect for Patient Autonomy

Respecting patient's rights to make their own decisions regarding their health and treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Patient Confidentiality

Maintaining the privacy of patient information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unauthorised Advertising

Advertising that is not authorized or permitted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Overservicing of Patients

Providing excessive or unnecessary services to patients, often driven by incentives or kickbacks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Improper Relations with Patients

Inappropriate or unethical relationships between a healthcare provider and a patient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedures Without Proper Consent

Performing medical procedures on a patient without obtaining valid and informed agreement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Improper Disclosure of Patient Information

Disclosing a patient's private information without their permission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incompetence in Treatment

Lack of the necessary skill or knowledge to provide adequate medical care.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medical Practice Penalties

The range of penalties a practitioner can face, which include cautions, fines, suspension, or being struck off the roll.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impaired Colleague

A mental, physical condition, or substance abuse issue that affects a colleague's competence, attitude, judgment or performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endoparasites

Parasites that live inside the host's body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on the outer surface of the host's body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacterial Exotoxin

A toxic substance secreted by bacteria with local or remote effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

VINDICATE

A framework to classify diseases and conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causes of Disease

Disease caused by genetic factors or environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infective Agents

Infective agents include prions, viruses, bacteria, yeasts/fungi, and parasites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infectious Diseases

Diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prions

Misfolded proteins that can induce normal proteins to misfold.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parasites

Living organisms deriving sustenance from their hosts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mycotoxins

Toxins produced by fungi, like aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causes of Disease: Main Groups

Disease causes classified as either genetic or environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Studying Disease Causes

Studies to determine if a disease is caused by environmental or gentic factors, including family studies, twin studies, migration studies, gene polymorphisms, gender, and racial/ethnic differences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Genetic Disease Cause

Early onset, common familial incidence, no remission, relatively uncommon incidence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Environmental Disease Cause

Any age of onset, unusual familial incidence, remission, and common incidence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Predictable Consequence (Disease)

A predictable health issue due to physical trauma, radiation, or toxins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probable Consequence (Disease)

A likely, but not guaranteed, health issue from exposure to an infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Predisposition (Disease)

Conditions like liver cirrhosis or HSIL that increase cancer risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Permissive Effect (Disease)

When something like HIV's immunosuppression allows opportunistic infections to cause disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Disease Causes

Environmental causes of disease are divided into infective (e.g., bacteria, viruses) and non-infective agents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Infective Environmental Causes

Non-infective environmental causes include chemical agents (e.g., toxins) and physical agents (e.g., radiation).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mechanisms of Chemical Injury

Chemical agents injure tissue through corrosive, metabolic, membrane, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and allergic routes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Physical Agents

Physical agents cause disease via mechanical (injury), thermal (burns, frostbite), or radiation (ionizing, non-ionizing) factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mechanical Injuries

Mechanical injuries are caused by sharp or blunt force trauma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thermal Injuries

Thermal injury can be localized (burns, frostbite) or affect the whole body (hyperthermia, hypothermia).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiation Injury

Radiation injury is caused by ionizing (e.g., X-rays) or non-ionizing (e.g., UV light) radiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pharmacovigilance

The science and activities concerned with detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse drug reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Goal of Pharmacovigilance

To improve the safe and rational use of medicines, enhancing patient care and public health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ADR Reporting

A vital component of pharmacovigilance that involves reporting adverse drug reactions to relevant authorities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

VigiBase

A database maintained by the WHO, through the Uppsala Monitoring Centre in Sweden, for global ADR detection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Signal Detection (ADRs)

Tracking trends in ADR reports to identify potential safety issues or unexpected reactions to medications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Information Sharing (ADRs)

Sharing ADR information nationally and internationally to expedite the identification of drug-related problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SAHPRA guideline for ADR reporting

Provides an overview of the ADR reporting process in South Africa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common goal of ADR reporting programs

Reduce or eliminate ADRs through education and awareness programs for healthcare practitioners and the public

Signup and view all the flashcards

Side Effect (Drug)

Unintended and undesirable effects of a drug.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adverse Drug Event

Any undesirable event experienced during drug use, whether related or not.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Harmful, unintended response to a drug directly caused by the medication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rawlins-Thompson Classification

Classification system for ADRs based on predictability and mechanism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DoTS Classification of ADRs

ADR classification based on Dose, Time, and Susceptibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weight-Based Dosage

Dosage changes based on weight or body surface area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Age & Drug Response

Hepatic and renal function influence how drugs affect children and elderly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gender & Drug Effects

Gender influences drug absorption and distribution due to differences in body composition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ADR Causes

Any therapeutic agent including prescribed and over the counter medicines, vaccines, and complementary medicines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reaction (vs. Event)

Characterized by a suspected causal relationship between the medicine and the reaction, as determined by the reporter or a reviewing healthcare professional.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Side Effect

A physiologic effect of a drug other than the desired effect.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ADR Example

Undesirable effects that occur unintentionally when a normal dose of the drug is given to a patient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of ADRs

ADRs can affect a patient's quality of life, cause morbidity and mortality, contribute to financial burden and negative emotions towards physicians.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Managing ADRs

Quick identification and management of adverse drug reactions to limit their detrimental effects on the patient

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Utilitarianism

  • Actions are judged right or wrong based solely on their consequences.
  • The amount of happiness or unhappiness caused is the only factor that matters when assessing consequences; other factors are irrelevant.
  • Each person's happiness is equally important, thus right actions maximize happiness over unhappiness for everyone.
  • Not identical to moral democracy
  • What matters is the quantity of happiness generated, not the number of people affected
  • Examples include Robin Hood, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki.
  • A potential issue is that it could lead to no action being "off limits", such as torture or forced organ donation.
  • Happiness is not all that matters
  • Too demanding

Deontology

  • Actions are right or wrong based upon whether they adhere to moral rules
  • Rules originate from our own rationality, according to Immanuel Kant
  • Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
  • "Do as you would be done by", but also non-contradiction (for example, lying).
  • Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end
  • Problems arise when rules conflict
  • For example, it could lead to a case like the Inquiring Murderer
  • HIV Disclosure
  • Respect rationality and autonomy of persons

Virtue Ethics

  • The focus is on the character of the moral agent when doing what a virtuous person would do
  • A virtue includes a character trait that is manifested in habitual action, that it is good for someone to have
  • Examples of virtues are honesty, courage, and loyalty
  • Virtues are the means between two vices
  • Motivation is of importance
  • Allows for partiality, with different virtues being appropriate for different roles
  • Insufficient as an action guide
  • For example: HIV disclosure in which there can be conflict between altruism and loyalty
  • With virtue ethics there is importance of motivation
  • Allows for partiality, with different virtues appropriate for different roles

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Description

An introduction to moral principles and theories, focusing on what makes behavior right or wrong. It explores Utilitarianism, a subdivision of consequentialism, which determines morality by the consequences of actions. Maximize happiness and minimize unhappiness to achieve moral correctness.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser