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Questions and Answers
What is one primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)?
What is one primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)?
Which therapy aims to improve relationship satisfaction as part of its treatment approach?
Which therapy aims to improve relationship satisfaction as part of its treatment approach?
What is a significant characteristic of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is a significant characteristic of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What component does cognitive therapy (CT) additionally address in bipolar disorder treatment?
What component does cognitive therapy (CT) additionally address in bipolar disorder treatment?
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Which treatment option uses an electromagnetic coil to stimulate brain activity?
Which treatment option uses an electromagnetic coil to stimulate brain activity?
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What is a primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) episodes?
What is a primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) episodes?
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Under DSM-5 criteria, how long must depressive symptoms be present to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder?
Under DSM-5 criteria, how long must depressive symptoms be present to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder?
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What demographic is reported to have a higher prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?
What demographic is reported to have a higher prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?
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Which symptom is NOT included in the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?
Which symptom is NOT included in the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?
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What is the lifetime prevalence rate of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
What is the lifetime prevalence rate of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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Which age group is typically associated with the onset of Major Depressive Disorder?
Which age group is typically associated with the onset of Major Depressive Disorder?
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Which of the following describes a common symptom presentation of depression across various cultures?
Which of the following describes a common symptom presentation of depression across various cultures?
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What percentage of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder also experience an anxiety disorder at some point?
What percentage of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder also experience an anxiety disorder at some point?
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Which mood disorder is characterized by having at least one lifetime manic episode?
Which mood disorder is characterized by having at least one lifetime manic episode?
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What is a common symptom for major depressive disorder that must be present for diagnosis?
What is a common symptom for major depressive disorder that must be present for diagnosis?
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How long must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?
How long must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?
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Which disorder includes severe recurrent temper outbursts beginning before age 10?
Which disorder includes severe recurrent temper outbursts beginning before age 10?
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In bipolar II disorder, what two episodes must be present for diagnosis?
In bipolar II disorder, what two episodes must be present for diagnosis?
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Which symptom is NOT part of the criteria for major depressive disorder?
Which symptom is NOT part of the criteria for major depressive disorder?
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What is the required duration for the mood changes in cyclothymia?
What is the required duration for the mood changes in cyclothymia?
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What distinguishes premenstrual dysphoric disorder from other mood disorders?
What distinguishes premenstrual dysphoric disorder from other mood disorders?
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What is considered the most important trigger of depression according to hopelessness theory?
What is considered the most important trigger of depression according to hopelessness theory?
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In what way does the attributional style relate to mood disorders?
In what way does the attributional style relate to mood disorders?
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What is the most detrimental form of rumination according to rumination theory?
What is the most detrimental form of rumination according to rumination theory?
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Which factor is a predictor of mania in individuals with bipolar disorder?
Which factor is a predictor of mania in individuals with bipolar disorder?
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What type of therapy focuses on interpersonal problems in treating depression?
What type of therapy focuses on interpersonal problems in treating depression?
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What is the primary goal of cognitive therapy in treating depression?
What is the primary goal of cognitive therapy in treating depression?
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Which of the following is NOT a trigger for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a component of hopelessness theory?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a component of hopelessness theory?
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What distinguishes a hypomanic episode from a manic episode?
What distinguishes a hypomanic episode from a manic episode?
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Which statement correctly characterizes Bipolar II disorder?
Which statement correctly characterizes Bipolar II disorder?
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What is a key feature of a manic episode as per the DSM-5 criteria?
What is a key feature of a manic episode as per the DSM-5 criteria?
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of mania or hypomania?
Which of these is NOT a symptom of mania or hypomania?
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Which of the following symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of a manic episode?
Which of the following symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of a manic episode?
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What is the minimum duration of symptoms for a hypomanic episode?
What is the minimum duration of symptoms for a hypomanic episode?
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In the context of Bipolar disorders, what is meant by 'mania'?
In the context of Bipolar disorders, what is meant by 'mania'?
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Which of the following is a required symptom for a manic episode if the mood is irritable?
Which of the following is a required symptom for a manic episode if the mood is irritable?
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Study Notes
Mood Disorders Overview
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A disorder characterized by five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or loss of pleasure, for at least two weeks. It is episodic and often recurrent.
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Characterized by a depressed mood occurring for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents) with at least two other symptoms of depression. Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time.
- Bipolar I Disorder: At least one lifetime manic episode is required for diagnosis.
- Bipolar II Disorder: At least one lifetime hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode are needed for diagnosis.
- Cyclothymia: Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least 2 years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes.
Mania and Hypomania
- Mania: A state of intense elation, irritability, or activation.
- Hypomania: Less intense, but involves symptoms of mania without significant impairment or psychosis.
- Manic episodes: Must last for at least one week.
- Hypomanic episodes: Must last for at least four days.
Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
- Lifetime prevalence of MDD: 16.2%
- Lifetime prevalence of depression lasting more than 2 years: 5%
- Depression is twice as common in women than in men.
- Depression is three times as common among people in poverty.
- Prevalence of depression varies across cultures:
- China: 6.5%
- France: 21%
- Age of onset: Early 20s, decreasing in recent years.
- Co-morbidity:
- 5-30% with MDD experience PDD.
- 60% of those with MDD will also meet criteria for anxiety disorder at some point.
Etiology of Mood Disorders
- The hopelessness theory: The most important trigger of depression is hopelessness.
- Desirable outcomes won't occur.
- The person has no ability to change the situation.
- Attributional style: Negative life events are due to stable and global causes.
- Rumination theory: A specific way of thinking characterized by repetitive dwelling on sad thoughts, particularly regretfully brooding over the causes of events.
Psychological Factors in Bipolar Disorder
- Triggers of depressive episodes: Similar to those seen in MDD, including negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, expressed emotion, and lack of social support.
- Predictors of Mania:
- Reward sensitivity: High responsively to rewards, attaining goals, excessive goal pursuit.
- Sleep disruption.
Treatment of Mood Disorders
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): Focuses on interpersonal problems, identifying feelings, making decisions, and resolving them.
- Cognitive Therapy (CT): Altering maladaptive thought patterns.
- Monitor and identify automatic thoughts.
- Challenge and replace negative thoughts with more neutral or positive thoughts.
- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT): Uses strategies like meditation to detach from depression-related thoughts and prevent relapse.
- Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy: Increases participation in positively reinforcing activities to break the cycle of depression, withdrawal, and avoidance.
- Behavioral Couples Therapy: Enhances communication and relationship satisfaction.
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
- Psychoeducational approaches: Provide information about symptoms, course, triggers, and treatments.
- Cognitive therapy (CT): Similar to depression treatment, with additional content to address early signs of mania.
- Family-focused treatment (FFT): Educates family about the disorder, enhances family communication, and improves problem solving.
Biological Treatments of Mood Disorders
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Reserved for treatment non-responders. Induces a brain seizure and momentary unconsciousness. Side effects include short-term confusion and memory loss.
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression (TMS): Electromagnetic coil placed against the scalp pulses magnetic energy to increase brain activity. Used for those who fail to respond to antidepressant medications.
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Description
This quiz covers various mood disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I and II Disorders, and Cyclothymia. Test your knowledge on the definitions, characteristics, and differences between these mood disorders. Understand the states of mania and hypomania as well.
