Psychology Chapter on Mood Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between family studies and the incidence of mood disorders?

  • High rates of mood disorders among first-degree relatives indicate a genetic predisposition. (correct)
  • Family studies indicate that mood disorders are solely environmental, with no genetic influence.
  • First-degree relatives of individuals with mood disorders show significantly lower rates of mood disorders.
  • Higher rates of mood disorders are found among distant relatives compared to closer relatives.

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is primarily associated with mood disorders?

  • GABA’s control of anxiety symptoms.
  • Low serotonin levels affecting mood regulation. (correct)
  • Acetylcholine’s influence on memory functions.
  • Dopamine and its role in motivation.

Which psychological theory explains the impact of low serotonin on other neurotransmitters?

  • Psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing unconscious motives as the source of mood disorders.
  • Behavioral theory, suggesting that mood is mainly a result of learned behavior.
  • Cognitive theory, which focuses on thought patterns causing mood changes.
  • Permissive hypothesis, indicating that low serotonin leads to dysregulation of other neurotransmitters. (correct)

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a neurobiological influence on mood disorders?

<p>Cultural beliefs surrounding mental health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heritability rate of depression in females compared to males as discussed in the content?

<p>40% for females and 20% for males. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depressive disorders?

<p>Addressing cognitive errors in thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts refers to serious thoughts about ending one's life?

<p>Suicidal ideation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) primarily address depressive disorders?

<p>By resolving conflicts in existing relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is identified as demonstrating a concerning trend in suicide rates due to social factors?

<p>Elderly individuals suffering from medical illnesses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding suicides among rural Chinese women?

<p>Accidental poisonings are often assumed to be intentional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant psychological factor that relates stress to mood disorders?

<p>Stress can lead to a poorer response to treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribution style is associated with learned helplessness and depression?

<p>Global attribution for negative events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive error is characterized by applying negatives to all situations?

<p>Overgeneralization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as a social influence related to mood disorders in women?

<p>Perceptions of uncontrollability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating depressive disorders?

<p>They block the reuptake of serotonin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the cognitive triad according to cognitive theory?

<p>Negative cognitions about the self, the world, and the future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between marital dissatisfaction and depression?

<p>Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to depression, especially in males. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of genetic influences is more commonly associated with depression rather than bipolar disorders?

<p>Reciprocal-gene environment model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stress's impact on mood disorders

Stress is a significant factor in mood disorders, negatively affecting treatment response and remission time.

Learned Helplessness (LH)

LH is a concept where individuals feel they lack control over life events, leading to depression.

Depressive attributional style

A way of thinking that attributes negative events to internal, stable, and global factors.

Cognitive errors in depression

Depressed individuals may overemphasize negative aspects of events (e.g., arbitrary inference, overgeneralization).

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Cognitive Triad

A combination of negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.

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Marital dissatisfaction and depression

Marital dissatisfaction is strongly linked to depression, particularly in males.

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Gender differences in mood disorders

Females are more likely than males to experience depressive disorders, while bipolar disorders have similar rates.

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SSRIs and suicide risk

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) may pose a suicide risk, particularly in teenagers.

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CBT for Depression

A therapy that helps people identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to depression.

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Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

Therapy that focuses on improving relationships and communication skills to manage depression.

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Suicide as a Leading Cause of Death

Suicide is a significant public health concern, being a leading cause of death in the US, particularly among adolescents and the elderly.

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Factors Contributing to Suicide in Elderly

Medical illnesses and loss of social support contribute to higher suicide rates in the elderly.

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Culture and Suicide

Cultural factors, like societal values and availability of resources, can influence suicide rates. For example, in China, suicide is more common among women in rural areas.

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Bipolar disorder in children/teens

Characterized by significant mood swings different from typical mood fluctuations, and these swings can rapidly shift during episodes; patterns might vary from adult cases. Children/teens might have periods without symptoms between episodes.

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Family studies - Mood Disorders

First-degree relatives of people with mood disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder) have a significantly higher chance (2-3 times greater) of developing a mood disorder themselves than relatives without the condition.

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Twin studies - Mood Disorders

Identical twins have a substantially higher concordance rate (2-3 times) for mood disorders compared to fraternal twins, highlighting a genetic influence.

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Genetic influence on mood disorders

Mood disorders, like depression and bipolar disorder, are significantly influenced by genetics. Heritability rates are higher for females than males. There are common genetic factors for depression, anxiety, and panic disorders, but not mania.

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Neurotransmitter Systems (Mood Disorders)

Low serotonin levels and their impact on other neurotransmitters are linked to mood disorders. The 'permissive hypothesis’ suggests that when serotonin is low, other neurotransmitters can become dysregulated, leading to mood imbalances.

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Study Notes

Mood Disorders and Suicide

  • Mood disorders involve extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression.
  • Learning objectives include describing the features of depressive and bipolar disorders, comparing and contrasting diagnoses. Etiological factors contributing to such disorders are also examined.
  • Major Depressive Episode (MDE): A severe depressed mood lasting at least two weeks, including cognitive and physical symptoms, with low behavioral activation. Anhedonia (loss of interest/pleasure) is a key feature.
  • Mania: Extreme pleasure in activities, hyperactivity, little sleep, grandiose plans, rapid speech (flight of ideas).
  • Hypomania: A less severe form of mania, without significant impairment in daily functioning.
  • Types of Depressive Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD/Dysthymia). PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) is a condition with symptoms related to menstruation.
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Chronic symptoms of mild depression for at least two years, less severely impacting daily functioning compared to MDE.
  • Major Depressive Episode (MDE): A chronic mood disorder. Symptoms may vary in severity. Periods of remission/lapse in symptoms are possible.
  • Treatment: Medications/psychotherapy are used to treat both depressive and bipolar disorders. Lifestyle changes are also part of the treatment approach, alongside medication and therapy.
  • Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): Characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts.

Bipolar Disorders

  • Bipolar disorder involves extreme mood swings between mania and depression.
  • Defining mania/hypomania includes three or more symptoms, like abnormally upbeat mood, grandiose ideas, decreased sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, increased activity, and poor decision-making.
  • Bipolar I: Presence of a manic episode.
  • Bipolar II: Presence of a hypomanic episode with at least one major depressive episode.
  • Rapid Cycling: Bipolar disorder characterized by frequently alternating depressive and manic (or hypomanic) episodes within a year.

Cyclothymic Disorder

  • A chronic disorder that features numerous periods of mild mood swings.
  • Symptoms of cyclothymia, a milder form of bipolar disorder, include numerous emotional ups and downs, neither attaining the episode duration criteria of bipolar I or II disorders.

Suicide

  • Suicide is a significant public health concern, with alarming rates among adolescents and the elderly.
  • Factors such as access to firearms and social isolation can play a role in suicide attempts, and suicide prevention strategies are needed.
  • Types of suicidal behavior include suicidal ideation, plans, attempts, and gestures.

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Description

This quiz focuses on mood disorders, including major depressive and bipolar disorders. Explore the diagnostic features, symptoms, and etiological factors contributing to these conditions. Test your understanding of major depressive episodes, mania, and various types of depressive disorders.

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