Monosaccharides and Their Structures
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of chondroitin sulfate?

  • Improving corneal transparency
  • Enhancing bacterial infection spread
  • Promoting hemophilia recovery
  • Treating osteoarthritis (correct)

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding hyaluronidase?

  • It hydrolyzes lipids in the bloodstream.
  • It aids in the fertilization process. (correct)
  • It promotes corneal clarity.
  • It enhances the action of heparin only.

    • What is one of the effects of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)?

  • Accumulation of GAGs in various tissues (correct)
  • Enhanced cognitive abilities
  • Decreased organ size
  • Increased flexibility in joints

    • What role does dermatan sulfate play in the body?

    <p>Acts as an anticoagulant by binding with heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of heparan sulfate proteoglycan?

    <p>Participating in cell-cell interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of mucopolysaccharidosis?

    <p>Thickened skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes enantiomers in sugars?

    <p>They are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs represent an aldose and its corresponding ketose?

    <p>Glucose and Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cyclic form of D-glucose that is most common in nature?

    <p>D-glucopyranose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Haworth formula, how are groups that are on the right side of the straight formula positioned?

    <p>They are positioned downward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of reducing disaccharides?

    <p>They have a free anomeric carbon in one of the sugar units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is ribose, and what significant roles does it play?

    <p>Pentose, involved in RNA and DNA formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes non-reducing disaccharides?

    <p>Both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic linkage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon atom is referred to as the anomeric carbon in the cyclic structure of sugars?

    <p>The carbon participating in the ring closure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the furanose form of D-fructose characterized in terms of carbon cyclization?

    <p>Cyclization occurs between C2 and C5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage type of lactose?

    <p>β1-4 Galactosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which food source is sucrose predominantly found?

    <p>Cane sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the α form of a sugar from the β form regarding the anomeric carbon?

    <p>In the α form, OH is present on the right side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs represents the ring structures formed by D-glucose?

    <p>Cyclization between C1 and C4 and between C1 and C5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides has an a1-6 glucosidic linkage?

    <p>Isomaltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the reducing ability of disaccharides when their anomeric carbons participate in glycosidic linkages?

    <p>They lose their reducing ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is a product of sucrose hydrolysis?

    <p>Glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes non-reducing disaccharides from reducing counterparts?

    <p>Absence of free anomeric carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about maltose?

    <p>It consists of two glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition percentage of carbohydrates in proteoglycans?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is known for forming hydrated gels that have a filtering effect on large molecules in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Hyaluronic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is hyaluronic acid utilized in rheumatology?

    <p>To increase the viscosity of synovial fluid in osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is primarily involved in the compressibility and resilience of cartilage?

    <p>Chondroitin Sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of action for hyaluronic acid in the body?

    <p>Extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is NOT associated with negatively charged GAGs?

    <p>Limiting passage of small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature distinguishes proteoglycans from other molecules?

    <p>Covalent linkage to a protein core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does hyaluronic acid have on the appearance of skin as one ages?

    <p>Reduces tissue volume leading to wrinkles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cartilage, what is an essential component that contributes to its structure and function?

    <p>Aggrecan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do GAGs primarily influence water movement in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>By attracting water through osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about homopolysaccharides is correct?

    <p>They contain only one type of monosaccharide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates glycogen from amylopectin?

    <p>Glycogen is more highly branched than amylopectin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellulose not digested by humans?

    <p>It is composed of β1-4 glucosidic linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cellulose in the human diet?

    <p>It adds bulk to food and promotes intestinal contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

    <p>They consist of both uronic acid and amino sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fraction of starch granules is made up of amylose?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide serves as a storage form of carbohydrates in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features distinguishes amylose from amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is linear while amylopectin is branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the type of linkages in cellulose?

    <p>They prevent its breakdown by amylase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the hydrolysis of starch?

    <p>Both amylose and amylopectin are hydrolyzed to maltose and glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars, the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
    • Examples: Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose.
    • Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
      • Enantiomers: Mirror images of each other (D and L forms).
        • Example: D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde.
      • Aldose-ketose isomers: Differ in the functional group.
        • Aldoses have an aldehyde group (CHO).
        • Ketoses have a ketone group (C=O).
    • Ring structures: Pentoses and hexoses can form cyclic structures.
      • Furanose: 4-carbon ring (e.g., ribose).
      • Pyranose: 5-carbon ring (e.g., glucose).
      • Haworth projection: Represents the cyclic structure.
        • Groups on the left in the straight-chain form are written upward.
        • Groups on the right in the straight-chain form are written downward.
      • Anomeric carbon: The carbonyl carbon becomes asymmetric in the cyclic form.
        • α form: OH is on the right of the anomeric carbon.
        • β form: OH is on the left of the anomeric carbon.
    • Examples:
      • D-Glucose: exists in both furanose and pyranose forms.
      • D-Fructose: exists in both furanose and pyranose forms.
    • Importance: Monosaccharides are essential for energy production, structural support, and biosynthesis.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
    • Reducing disaccharides: Contain a free anomeric carbon.
      • Present in α and β forms.
      • Examples: Maltose, isomaltose, lactose.
    • Non-reducing disaccharides: Both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic bond.
      • Example: Sucrose.
      • Does not have α or β forms.

    Polysaccharides

    • Polysaccharides are polymers of many monosaccharides.
    • Homopolysaccharides: Contain only one type of monosaccharide.
    • Heteropolysaccharides: Contain more than one type of monosaccharide.

    Homopolysaccharides

    • Glucans: Formed of D-glucose units.
      • Starch:
        • Storage form of carbohydrates in plants.
        • Amylose: Linear, α1-4 linkages.
        • Amylopectin: Branched, α1-4 and α1-6 linkages.
      • Glycogen: Storage form of carbohydrates in animals.
        • Highly branched, similar to amylopectin.
      • Cellulose:
        • Linear polymer of β, D-glucose, β1-4 linkages.
        • Found in plant cell walls.
        • Not digestible by humans due to β1-4 linkages.
        • Important for dietary fiber.
    • Fructans: Formed of D-fructose units.
      • Inulin: Found in plants, used for kidney function tests.

    Heteropolysaccharides

    • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs):
      • Unbranched, long chains of heteropolysaccharides.
      • Usually consist of uronic acid and amino sugar.
      • Examples:
        • Hyaluronic acid: Sulfate free, found in connective tissue, synovial fluid, and vitreous humor.
        • Chondroitin sulfate: Most abundant GAG in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
        • Dermatan sulfate: Found in skin, blood vessels, and heart valves.
        • Keratan sulfate: Important for corneal transparency.
        • Heparin: Anticoagulant, releases lipoprotein lipase.
        • Heparan sulfate: Involved in cell-cell interaction and membrane receptors.
    • Proteoglycans:
      • GAGs covalently linked to a protein core.
      • Found in the extracellular matrix.
      • Functions:
        • Attract water, forming hydrated gel.
        • Provide structural support and lubrication.
        • Control permeability of the extracellular matrix.
      • Examples:
        • Aggrecan: Major proteoglycan in cartilage.
        • Hyaluronic acid proteoglycan: Important for skin elasticity, joint lubrication, and eye health.

    Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)

    • Group of genetic disorders caused by defects in lysosomal enzymes responsible for GAG breakdown.
    • Symptoms:
      • Bone abnormalities (dwarfism, joint stiffness).
      • Enlarged organs (liver, spleen).
      • Mental retardation.
      • Thickened skin.
      • Heart disease.
      • Recurrent respiratory tract infections.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fascinating world of monosaccharides, the simplest form of carbohydrates. It covers their examples, molecular structures, isomer classifications, and cyclic formations. Test your understanding of these essential building blocks of life!

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