Monoclonal Antibody Production Methods

<p>Survival conditions for fused cells only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resulting cells die due to lack of survival signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their immortalization allowing constant proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulated antibody production in the B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G. Koeler and C. Milstein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-umab (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce fully human monoclonal antibodies without immunization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes encoding antibody variable regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chimeric monoclonal antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing them to kill a bacteria colony expressing a specific antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To immortalize the fused genes for sustained antibody production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hybridized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are designated with the suffix -omab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effector Memory T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents a protective reaction from being mounted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggested the idea of immune memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older individuals had experienced earlier infections, providing immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By counting T cells before, during, and after infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They persist for future responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence mainly in lymphoid organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To isolate and purify specific CD4 T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transgenic mice lacking CD4 T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires confirmation with a second monoclonal antibody (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They describe the activation status of the cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deciding the criteria for the CD designation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unique number is assigned regardless of mAb recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnetic beads conjugated with antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the specific subset of cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind with radioactive drugs for organ analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fab fragment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is ineffective in cancers that do not express Her2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By catalyzing drug metabolism to reduce resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They include small portions of antibodies used for targeting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triabody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves presentation of killed virus peptides via MHCII. (B), It leads to a peak in IgM antibody production followed by IgG. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucosal immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needs to be inexpensive and easily maintained. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates immunity that clears viruses in the intestinal tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates T helper cells through MHC II presentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nigeria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A specific molecule on the surface of a cell, often used to identify different cell types or stages of activation.

Monoclonal antibodies are used to isolate and purify specific cell types based on their CD markers.

Depletion refers to the process of using antibodies to eliminate specific cell populations in vivo, often for research purposes.

The "w" symbol indicates that a molecule is recognized by a single type of monoclonal antibody and requires further confirmation.

The symbols "+" and "-" are used to denote the presence or absence of a specific CD molecule on a cell.

The terms "low" and "high" are used to indicate the relative amount of a CD molecule on a cell, suggesting different levels of activation or function.

The first international workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens (HLDA) established a standardized nomenclature for CDs in 1982.

Two distinct monoclonal antibodies must be able to recognize a specific molecule for it to be officially designated as a CD.

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells, all derived from one common parent cell. This results in identical antibodies highly specific to a particular antigen.

The process of creating monoclonal antibodies involves fusing a normal B cell, producing antibodies specific to a target antigen, with a myeloma cell—a type of cancer cell.

Myeloma cells are immortalized cancer cells that can divide indefinitely. They are used in monoclonal antibody production because they provide the ability for continuous antibody production.

HAT medium is a specific culture medium that allows only fused cells (hybridomas) to survive. It contains hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine, which are essential for DNA synthesis.

HAT medium allows the survival of hybridomas because they can utilize both the salvage pathway (provided by myeloma cells) and the de novo pathway (provided by B cells) for DNA synthesis.

Fusion of two B cells does not result in a viable hybridoma because both cells lack the necessary survival signals.

The fusion of a B cell and a myeloma cell creates a hybridoma cell. This cell combines the antibody-producing ability of the B cell with the immortalized nature of the myeloma cell, resulting in a continuous source of monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies are stable and can be reproduced in large quantities, making them valuable tools in various applications, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and research.

A type of monoclonal antibody where the variable region is derived from a human source, while the constant region is from a mouse. They combine the specificity of human antibodies with the production efficiency of mouse antibodies.

A type of monoclonal antibody produced by fusing a human myeloma cell with antibody-producing B cells from a human donor.

A type of monoclonal antibody derived from a mouse. They are very effective but can trigger immune responses in humans (known as HAMA).

A type of monoclonal antibody where the variable region is mainly from a human source, but some mouse residues are retained for improved binding affinity.

A technology used to generate fully human monoclonal antibodies without immunizing a human. It involves isolating human antibody genes and expressing them in phage particles.

A type of cell derived from bone marrow that secretes antibodies in response to antigens.

A type of antibody used in immunotherapy. It's a type of antibody produced by a single clone of antibody-producing B cells.

A type of antibody that is able to kill the bacteria by using an antigen that a specific variable region recognizes

A subset of cancer cells that express the HER2 protein on their surface. These tumors benefit from therapies targeting HER2, such as Trastuzumab.

A technique that uses monoclonal antibodies (mAb) conjugated with radioactive materials to visualize and analyze specific organs in patients.

A method that combines monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with chemotherapy drugs to deliver the drugs specifically to tumor cells, thus reducing side effects on healthy organs.

A type of antibody fragment consisting only of the variable region of a single chain, fused with a small portion of the constant region. It's smaller than a full antibody, allowing it to target specific antigens more effectively.

A type of antibody fragment consisting of two variable regions connected by a linker. It can bind to two different antigens at once, making it more effective in targeting complex molecules.

A type of antibody fragment consisting of three variable regions complexed together. It can bind to multiple targets at once, increasing binding affinity and specificity.

A type of antibody fragment consisting of four variable regions complexed together. It can bind to multiple targets with high affinity and specificity, potentially used in immunotherapy.

A subset of cancer cells that lack the expression of specific markers, such as HER2, estrogen, or progesterone receptors, requiring different therapeutic approaches.

The Salk vaccine, which uses a killed virus, mainly activates T helper cells and antibody (IgG) production through MHCII presentation. It provides short-lived immunity and does not prevent transmission.

The Sabine vaccine, which uses a live attenuated virus, enters cells and presents peptide fragments through MHCI, triggering both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. It provides long-lasting immunity and prevents transmission.

The Salk vaccine primarily triggers IgM antibody production initially, followed by a shift to IgG production. However, the virus can still reside in the gut and be shed through feces, leading to continued transmission.

The Sabine vaccine, administered orally, induces IgA production in the gut, effectively clearing the virus from the body and preventing transmission through fecal shedding.

Wild poliovirus type 2 was successfully eradicated globally in 1999, and no cases of wild type 3 have been documented since 2012.

As of 2020, wild poliovirus type 1 remains a concern in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

An effective vaccine should be safe, stable, inexpensive, induce the appropriate immune response, and offer long-lasting protection.

Vaccines aim to elicit a lasting humoral immune response, primarily through antibody production, to provide long-term protection against the target pathogen.

Memory T cells are a subset of T cells that are generated after an immune response to an infection and persist in the body, enabling a faster and more efficient response to future encounters with the same pathogen.

After clonal expansion, T cells differentiate into effector T cells, which are responsible for eliminating the pathogen, and memory T cells, which persist in the body to provide long-lasting immunity.

Central memory T cells are mainly found in lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen, while effector memory T cells circulate throughout the body and are more readily available to combat infections in tissues.

Effector memory T cells are the first to respond to an infection because they are already circulating in the body and can quickly reach the site of infection.

The immune system remembers past infections due to the persistence of memory T cells, which can quickly activate a robust adaptive immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

The number of memory T cells required to mount a protective immune response is called the threshold. If the number of memory T cells is above the threshold, a secondary response is mounted, but if it is below the threshold, the immune response will be weaker or nonexistent, requiring a full primary response.

A history of measles infection provides immunity against future bouts of the disease. This is due to the presence of memory T cells, which recognize the virus upon re-exposure and quickly eliminate it.

The number of memory T cells was counted before, during, and after infections. 7 x 10-5 is the minimum frequency of memory cells necessary for an effective protective immunity response to a pathogen.