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• The topic is Geographies of Identity and Difference

Agenda

• Topics include Identity and Difference, Race and Ethnicity, and Gender and Sexuality
• Also covered are Intersectionality and Indigeneity
• A mid-term test review will be held

Logical Fallacies: Appeal to Authority

• Involves arguing that a claim must be true because a credible source believes it
• Example: Asserts reduced crime rates based on the mayor's claim, dismissing conflicting statistics
• Example: If the Pope says an aspect of doctrine is true, then it should be added to the creed

Logical Fallacies: Appeal to Emotion

• Presents a claim based on sympathy or empathy
• Example: Uses the plight of starving children to persuade someone to eat liverwurst
• Example: Suggests future regret as a consequence of not attending university

Identity and Difference

• Identity is seen as socially constructed

Hegemony

• Society members interpreting interests in line with those of a dominant group or worldview
• This includes accepting justifications for inequality or believing in meritocracy
• Cultural hegemony can shape how identity is created

Identity and Difference via Critical Geographers

• Explores scales of difference across body, home, nation, and globe
• Body involves geographies of racialization, racism, and heterosexism
• Home involves domestic violence and domestic labor
• Nation involves colonization and genocide
• Globe involves geographies of globalization, language, and religion

The Myth of Race

• Race does not represent distinct human subspecies
• Humans are 99.9% identical at the genetic level, according to the Human Genome Project
• The idea of race continues as a social construct
• Terms like "racialized" and "racialization" can be used

Racism

• It involves prejudice and unequal access based on appearance or cultural traits

Racism and Genocide

• Xenophobia is a fear or dislike of people perceived as foreign
• Scapegoating is blaming a person or group for the wrongdoings of others
• Genocide involves the systematic effort to destroy a defined group
• Genocide involves symbolic and spatial distancing
• Genocide involves active denigration of the group

Examples of Genocide

• The Holocaust from 1941 to 1945
• Cambodia from 1975 to 1979
• Burma/Myanmar from 2016 to the present, involving Rohingya genocide
• Rwanda in 1994

Current Accusations of Genocide

• Accusations of genocidal intent exist against both Israel and Hamas
• UN Convention on Genocide and International Court of Justice have relevance

Apartheid

• European colonization practices often emphasized ethnic differences
• Apartheid in South Africa, 1948-1994
• Mandela and the ANC were seen as terrorists
• International solidarity efforts had an influence

Racism, Migration and Labour

• Chattel slavery is where a person is legally the personal property of the slave owner
• Indentured labour is where one is contracted to work without salary for a specific time
• Imported products may be connected to slavery

Racist Immigration Policies in Canada

• There was bias against people from non-European origins
• A Chinese "head tax" was introduced in the early 1900s
• An Anti-Indian immigration policy was brought in in 1908
• Restrictions on Japanese migration existed in the early 1900s
• Black people from the U.S. and Caribbean also singled out
• Many 'temporary' migrant workers have no path to permanent residency today

Ethnicity

• Ethnicity is defined by shared cultural traits, history, and identity
• An ethnic group perceives itself as distinct due to common ancestry and culture
• Ethnic group migrations create new geographies, such as chain migration
• Social and spatial isolation can create enclaves

Ethnic Identities

• Assimilation is the process of absorption into a larger society
• Acculturation is the partial absorption into a larger society
• Multiculturalism can be a formal state policy

Gender

• Gender is the socially constructed differences between men and women
• This is different from the biological and anatomical differences between the sexes

Gender in the Landscape

• Landscape can reflect power inequalities between women and men, such as in a patriarchal system
• Patriarchy refers to a social system in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women

Gender and Work

• Spatial divisions of labour are evident
• Works predominantly performed by women are undervalued
• Sexism and stereotyping occur in the workplace

Gender Equality

• Different access to education, health, work, and political expression exist
• Gender equality is a fundamental development goal

Gender and Development

• Very high gender-related human development
• High gender-related human development
• Medium gender-related human development
• Low gender-related human development
• No data

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

• Dimensions include health, empowerment, and the labour market
• Health includes maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate
• Empowerment includes female and male population with at least secondary education and female and male shares of parliamentary seats
• Labor market includes female and male labour force participation rates

Gender and Development - Top 10 vs Bottom 10

• Switzerland has a GII rank of 1 and a GII value of 0.025
• Slovenia has a GII rank of 10 and a GII value of 0.063
• Haiti has a GII rank of 152 and a GII value of 0.636
• Yemen has a GII rank of 161 and a GII value of 0.795

Sexuality

• Sexuality is studied as an expression of identity
• Discussions often focus on challenges to a dominant heterosexual landscape
• Debates surround the percentages of people who make up LGBTQ+ communities
• Homosexual acts are still criminalized in ~80 countries

Gender and Sexuality

• Some issues or challenges related to Gender and Sexuality remain

Intersectionality and Landscapes

• Recognizes the existence of multiple, overlapping axes of inequality, like gender, race, class, indigeneity, and ability
• Built and other landscapes reflect the dominant culture
• Landscapes also reflect inequalities of well-being, including mental health

Indigeneity in Canada

• Involves ongoing settler-colonial histories and intergenerational trauma
• 150,000 children removed from their families as it goes from colonization roads to residential schools
• At least 3,200 students have died
• The last school closed in 1996
• The child welfare system continues perpetuating problems
• Resistance is fertile, and includes blockades of development projects and language reclamation

Mid-Term Test Review

Mid-Term Test Format

• Multiple Choice with 10 questions worth 1 mark each
• Short Answer with 2 questions worth 5 marks each
• In total, the mid-term test is worth 20 marks and contributes 15% to the final grade

Mid-Term Test Tips

• Thorough review of the content from Weeks 1 through 7 (Chapters 1 through 7)
• Using textbook or seeking clarification for any unclear concepts
• Identifying the interconnections between different concepts, themes, and issues
• Provide succinct responses that encompass all facets of each question

What is Human Geography?

• Defining Human Geography includes the questions "Where? Why there? Why care?"
• Human Geography concepts involve definitions of space and scale, place, region, landscape
• Human Geography involves location, movement, and distance friction
• Human Geography also uses space, regional landscape and thematic mapping tools

Environment and Society

• Socio-ecology and holistic perspectives explored
• The Anthropocene, including humans’ role in the global ecosystem, is examined
• The Anthropocene involves vegetation, animals, and environmental politics
• Climate change, including the IPCC's work, is explored
• The consequences of climate justice and responding to climate change, are important
• In responding to to climate change, this involves renewable energy and Catastrophist vs. Cornucopian viewpoints

Geographies of Globalization

• Overcoming Distance involves time-space convergence
• There is transportation via water, rail, road, air + containerization
• Trade, Business, Communication involves factors influencing trade; regional integration
• This involves TNCs and the International Division of Labour, and FDI in the digital divide
• There are theories regarding Hyperglobalist, Skeptic, Transformationalist views on globalization
• Economic, cultural, and political globalization analyzed
• Explored alternative globalization

Population, Health & Migration

• Population involves spatial, political, and carrying capacity
• The Malthusian Theory, population dynamics and projections impact policy
• Migration involves crises, and debates surrounding push/pull factors and categories
• It also has types such as environmental types
• Health Geographies involve distribution of disease and Social Determinants of Health

Uneven Development & Global Inequalities

• Development is explored via measuring it with GDP, HDI and World Systems Theory
• Analyses suggest solutions to uneven development
• Focus on systems contributing to inequality
• Discussion of geopolitical issues, and cultural politics
• Solutions through voluntary repatriation

Geographies of Culture & Landscape

• Spatial dimensions involving landscapes, regions, etc
• Orientalism and other divisions explored
• Influence of capitalist mode of production considered
• Developments based on diffusion. Languages
• Diffusion via hearths and ethnic/universalizing religions

Geographies of Identity and Difference

• Explored are the key concepts of identity, hegemony, and intersectionality
• Discussed are race as a myth, xenophobia, scapegoating, genocide, apartheid
• There is impact of migration, labour, ethnicity and assimilation
• Gender and landscape, work, development, sexuality, landscape, and policies are examined
• Settler colonial histories and forms of resistance in Canada are discussed