Monarchy at the End of the 18th Century

The Monarchy at the End of the 18th Century

• The most common regime is the monarchy, which impposes itself over time, on a double debris (Roman Germanic and roman empire)
• Natural dimension: naturally the form of power that imposes itself
• It arises before the principle of modernity, which is a break with tradition, pertinence, and tradition

Legitimacy Based on Religion

• The force and vigor of the monarchy is reinforced by religion, which is auxiliary to the monarchy
• The monarchy imposes itself on these sides to give it a magical-religious form
• The King is the chosen one of God to ensure the salvation of his subjects, an intercessor on earth, between God and his subjects, allowing them to prepare for paradise
• Advantage: makes it possible to remove the question of power from any human claim
• Historical continuity is all the more assured as the form of organization is worth a reproduction of the laws of nature: the king is the sun around which all the subjects revolve

The Absolute Monarchy

• In the form of monarchy, the king cannot be linked to any human subjection
• Absolute = not linked (etymology), by any human constraint
• A "solo deo": he holds his power from God alone
• The monarchy is not a dictatorship, since the king, chosen by God, is inscribed in the values dictated by the scriptures
• The king is justified in the service of divine law, insofar as he is an intercessor of God, and he is omnipotent and omniscient, and assumes the integrality of power

Royal Authority

• According to the old regime within this theoretical construction of the absolute monarchy in the 16th century, there is a development of royal authority which stems from the power of justice
• Legislative power = preventive justice
• Absolutist dimension (gives the sovereign all the powers): a radiant or promising future because it contributes to the transfer of sovereignty from the king to the people
• 16th Century Difficulty = rise of Protestant religion = competition
• Theory of the principle of absolute sovereignty: obedience to the king is not only due to the alliance with religion but because he is sovereign in his kingdom, without contestation

A Monarchy with Rules but Ignoring Individuals

• Aggregation of prohibitions that weigh on the king, making it possible to distinguish the two king's crops, physical and mystical body (state that perpetuates beyond its temporary representative)
• Concept of the crown of France: the State is ​​public power

Unequal Social Distribution

• There are 3 categories of individuals according to their usefulness: those who pray, those who fight, and those who work
• This distinction is inscribed in the natural order and is the result of birth, they are born in a system of "castes"
• This organization (clergy, nobility, state) makes it possible to justify the principle of political representation (the passage from civil society to a political society) as it exists under the old regime
• The representation under the Ancien Régime done on the principle that the king subsumes the society (the king is the incarnation of all these subjects since he is the mystical body of the State)
• This is done through an institution: the Estates General which are representation in an identical manner but in a reduced format of the entire social organization
• The individual under the old regime does not have rights of his own, he only has in law those of the group to which he belongs

New Ideas

• From the moment political power is confronted with the crisis of beliefs, the question of the authority and legitimacy of power arises
• Florentin addressed this question at the beginning of the 15th century, who with "The Prince" by Niccolo Machiavelli, contributed to opening the contestation, a new reflection on the origin of power
• Because power was no longer justified by its divine origin, it was necessary to find a legal-political concept of nature to make power acceptable in the eyes of individuals
• Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau, 3 authors contribute to shaping political ideas

An English Precursor, John Locke (1632-1704)

• Locke inscribed himself in the liberal opposition to the liberal monarchy of James II
• Opposing the monarchy, he exiled himself to Holland where he finds a community of French Protestants who had to flee due to the rupture of the Edict of Nantes in 1685
• Theory of the contract that he theorizes in 2 works: Essay on human understanding and 2 essays on civil government in 1890
• Theory: The State of nature is a state within which individuals possess natural rights that are inalienable
• There are 3 factors missing in the state of nature, which does not allow them to fully enjoy their rights:
  • A non-negotiable source (a normative producer)
  • The absence of an impartial justice (therefore, vengeance prejudicial to harmony)
  • Need for coercive power to enforce the decision of justice
• He theorizes the idea that the social state is a state desired by the individuals who have contractualized a contract allowing them to create society and the institutions that go with it
• In the social state, individuals are called upon to guarantee the enjoyment of natural rights
• Individuals have an inalienable right against the state which authorizes them to resist oppression (article 2 DDHC)
• Need to have a separation of power
• This theory, emitted within French society in 1690, was published in 1772, of maxims of public law by 4 authors, lawyers at the parliament of Paris (the abbot Mey, Maultrot, Blonde, Aubry)
• They take over of Locke's organization and justification of power, as well as the theories of natural law of Grotius and Pufendorf

Maxims of Public Law

• By founding the social state, the individuals have natural rights (free individuals)
• Possession of collective rights (question of free consent to tax)
• Right of resistance to oppression

More Inspiration

• Authors are inspired by a Swiss author, De Vattel: sovereignty belongs to the nation in an inalienable and imprescriptible way: the king is a usurper
• The idea of ​​conferring sovereignty on the Estates General through representation, in a national diet (national assembly of the nation)
• In March, April, and May 1888, through 3 remonstrances. First influence: existence of a contract between the state and the individuals, to guarantee free enjoyment of natural liberties

Montesquieu, Theorist of Distributed Powers (1689-1755)

• He is a monarchist
• Published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748
• First reflexion: political freedom. Liberty = to do everything that the laws allow
• He seeks to protect people against tyranny by dividing power into different bodies
• The executive power for him must be concentrated in the hands of the king, but the legislative power is exercised collectively, he proposes to entrust the exercise of legislative power to a lower house (nation) and an upper house (aristocracy)
• Imposes a necessary dialogue between powers
• On February 26, 1756, in remonstrances addressed by the parliament of Brittany to King Louis the 15th, the parliament of Brittany says that civil laws impose themselves on the king and not divine or natural law; the parliament also specifies that the law is above kings

Rousseau's Social Contractualism (1712-1768)

• Published two major works, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men (1755) and The Social Contract (1762)

Fundamentals

• The postulate of a good nature for individuals
• The principle of reason as an essential component of natural law (turns its back on religion). Civil laws guarantee property and oppression
• The origin of inequalities resides in property

The Theory of the Social Contract

• Postulate for reflection: men are born free but everywhere they are in irons
• Restore their natural freedom through the logic of the social contract: men have all contractualized together to constitute society, within the framework of this contract everyone has given everything to everyone
• General will = the sum of the differences between our individual wills. Must contribute to the exercise of public will, there can be no system of representation
• Under these conditions, direct democracy must prevail with an executive that is as tenuous as possible
• Second postulate: the general will is perfect because man is good and endowed with reason Therefore, he takes the right postures

The 4 Elements Needed for the Proper Functioning of the Social Contract

• Direct democracy: therefore, strict prohibition of intermediate bodies
• An minimalist executive: no separation of powers
• Conscience: citizens must be educated
• Essential that there be a civil religion intended to raise the consciousness of individuals (transcendent dimension)

The Rise to Revolution

• Louis XVI ascended the throne in 1723, upon the death of Louis XV

An Economic and Financial Contex

• The American Revolution with Lafayette leads to indebtedness, accumulated to the debt of the 7 Years' War
• The kingdom no longer has the means to assume its debt --> record debt

Impossibility of Providing Receipts

• The kingdom has divested itself of part of its wealth
• The monarchical state can no longer provide a tax return
• The State is in a permanent deficit

A Difficult Economic Situation

• No food self-sufficiency --> lack of yield so increase in the price of grain (important famine)
• Significant rural exodus
• Manufactures are no longer competitive, because inflation is recurring (cannot fight against English competition: lower prices than those of the kingdom of France)

Sociopolitical Context

• There is a blocked society and a economic situation that leads the country to develop and to create a bourgeois class that has acquired economic and financial power but does not add up to political power
• Bourgeois pay without being able to decide

Discomfort of the Bourgeoisie Aelayed by the Parliaments

• The parliaments become a tool of combat and political demand for the bourgeoisie
• At the beginning of the 18th century, the parliaments acquired power, and the right of remonstrance is given back to them; therefore, they use and abuse it
• The parliaments, imbued with new ideas, restore an old idea, the theory of the union of classes = the whole of the French parliaments are only a set of classes that represent the nation (want to arrogate the role of the Senate)
• The laws are conventions between rulers and ruled

The Political Crisis and the Climb Towards the Convocation of the Estates General

• The government of Louis 15 and Louis 16 faces increased hostilities from the parliaments
• In 1776, the Parisian parliamentarians were opposed to Turgot (controller of finances), who proposed free circulation of property and goods
• There should be no particular control (proposes 6 edicts, all refused by the PP)
• Louis 16 makes the mistake of not supporting him, blaming him for the origin of the economic and financial crisis
• Turgot is replaced by Necker in 1777, who becomes director general of finances; he resorts to borrowing and indebts future generations
• Necker publishes the state of the kingdom's finances; it is the report to the king for the year 1781
• In 1781, Necker is forced to resign
• Callonne becomes controller general of finances and proposes a universal taxation, which weighs on all three orders
• The idea is to remove the 20th (privilege that is paying a twentieth of their income to the royal treasury) for the 5th
• As a result, Callonne proposes to the king to convene an institution fallen into desuetude: assemblies of notables disappeared since 1727 (represents the clergy and the nobility of the robe)
• February 28, 1787, to adopt the creation of a new tax which is rejected (incompetent to raise a new tax)
• In April, he was forced to resign
• April 1787: Loménide Brienne succeeded Callonne, he invented the logic of the paper stamped for specific acts
• This proposal is subject to registration by the PP
• The king decides to register the stamped paper on August 6, 1787
• August 7, 1787, the parliamentarians resist, and on August 13, they demand the intervention of the Estates General
• August 14, the king imposes the registration of his text; on the 15th, the parliamentarians are exiled
• All new revenue must be accepted by the Estates General, so the parliaments refuse everything; therefore, forced and illegal registrations
• Louis 16 proposes a reform which removes prerogatives from the parliaments (right of remonstrance) --> on May 8, 1788, is registered what the parliamentarians refused --> In France, parliamentary rebellions are redeveloping
• On August 8, 1788, King Louis 16 is forced to convene the Estates General for May 1, 1789
• The parliamentarians want to maintain the traditional functioning of the Estates General (vote by order)
• This position of the PP is not accepted by public opinion, since the claim of the third estate = they are more numerous than the members of the clergy and the nobility combined
• They demand the doubling of their numbers within the Estates General (granted), accompanied by another claim of the vote per head (refused)
• January 24, 1789: Louis 16 publishes the regulation which will organize the Estates General (two errors on his part: Article 24 - they move from mandatory to representative mandate; accepts the principle of proportionality in the context of elections - equal to the representation of the third estate)

What is the Third Estate? by Abbé Sieyès

• The work is part of the secularization of power, begins its publication by making a diagnosis of the third estate
• Conclusion: the third estate is necessarily the nation (numerous + produces everything + makes the nation live)
• If the nobility and the clergy disappear from society, it will not fundamentally change the face of this society
• The Third Estate is not something less but which has something more: political power belongs to the Third Estate according to him, because that the third estate is everything within the monarchical state, if the vote per head is not satisfied then it could legitimately sit alone (the third estate)
• It makes the third estate aware that despite the differences within it, it is an entity that shares a destiny, a common present
• Elections are held from April to May 1789 -- > composition of the Estates General, election of the Third Estate
• Election in two rounds: representatives are elected who then elect those who will hold the notebooks of grievances

Notebook of grievances’ Demands:

• That the fiscal oppression ceases
• An end to the monarchical arbitration of which those who participate in the drafting of the notebooks of grievances complain (letter of cachet)
• Once the electoral process has taken place, the deputy designated by the voters go to Versailles where the first sitting of the Estates General, convened on May 1, 1789, is to be held
• The tribunes are not finished, so the sitting takes place on May 5, 1789, due to lack of finishings

The Revolution, 1789-1799

• Elaboration of the first constitution of the French constitutional history
• Periods:
  • The constituent period: lasts until the constitution is written and published in 1791
  • Period after the publication of the constitution: Election of the Legislative Assembly
  • Period that opens with the election of the National Convention (king is forced to abdicate)
    • goal is to develop a new constitution

The Constituent

• There are two preoccupations: elaboration of texts and ensure that the demands expressed by the people, who become a political figure, are partially satisfied
• Revolutionaries must legally justify this revolution

The Legal Revolution

• Principle established on June 17, 1789: the nation is sovereign
• Two consequences:
  • Abolition of privileges
  • Recognition of inalienable rights (drafting of the DDHC)

Advancement of National Sovereignty

• Paralysis of the Estates General, May 5, 1789
• The opening of the Estates General, May 5, 1789, takes place with two introductory speeches, that of the king and that of Necker (shows the state of the state's finances + pleads for the third estate to be doubled at the Estates General)
• Necker's speech: it is lost in a accounting speech: all the deputies are invited by the king to meet by order to proceed to the verification of powers --> maintains the vote by order
• May 6: verification of powers begins with opposition from the third estate and the representatives of the nobility and clergy (against the joint verification of powers --> vote per head)
• As of the 6th, the third estate manifests a political energy aimed at breaking with the established order (traditional functioning of the Estates General) --> decision to become the deputies of the communes
• Languinais and Le Chapelier = Breton deputies who play a role in the first months of the revolution.
• Proposal = To substitute the name deputies of the Estates General to the deputies of the communes
• The deputies of the communes resist Louis 16's refusal: to adopt the vote per head
• June 10, 1789: Abbé Sieyès proposes to the nobility and clergy to meet with the deputies of the communes to proceed to the vote per head
• June 12, 1789: the border between nobility, clergy, and third estate yields; therefore, a certain number of deputies (of the nobility + clergy) join the verification process in common of the powers
• June 16, 1789: debate of a new denomination of said assembly which brings together the deputies of the 3 orders
• June 17, 1789: decision is made but not formalized to call it the National Assembly

Transfer of Sovereignty at June 17, 1789

• To carry this legal revolution recalling that sovereignty is not the king but rather the nation
• Sieyès carries a claim: necessity to regenerate the kingdom of France through the elaboration of a constitution
• Legal revolution is consumed: deputies have deprived the king of France, who is no longer sovereign but only the monarch
• The deputies in the declaration of June 17, 1789, warn the monarchy, stating that there can be no veto, no negative power, on the throne and to this assembly
• The king is no longer a legislator in his kingdom
• June 19, 1789: clergy votes to rally to the third estate and accept the vote per head
• Nobility turns to the king but the King mourns death of his son
• On June 19, the king, after the protest of the nobility, invalidates everything that is voted by the third estate (= outside the law) + closes the hall of small pleasures

Royal Power Consecutive to the Oath of the Tennis Court

• They meet in the tennis court because their hall is closed
• They take an oath known as "the tennis court" on the initiative of the deputy Mounier
• The deputies swear to never separate and to meet wherever circumstances require until the constitution of the kingdom is established + strengthened on solid foundations
• Legal consequence for the nation: sovereign, therefore, it has the constituent power that it momentarily entrusts to its representatives
• June 23, 1789, the king reacts late: he consents to grant the Estates General to levy the tax but always refuses the vote per head
• The king exorts the deputies anew to go in the morning to the halls assigned to their order to resume their deliberations
• Bailly says the nation assembled cannot receive order
• Mirabeau says we will not leave our places except by force of bayonets
• The king abdicates in the face of their perseverance: the assembly comes out of this legal showdown facing the king
• June 27, 1789: Louis 16 orders at the deputies, who had not been joined, to rejoin

Events in the 1789 Revolution

• July 6, 1789: deputies create a committee of constitution charged with the writing of the future constitution (initiative of Mounier)
• July 9 : the national assembly proclaims itself constituent assembly

Abolition of Privileges

• People of Paris take the initiative, they (Bonneville, Bailly, and Fauchet) take up arms to help the constituent assembly facing the rumor that the aristocrats will attack
• Attack on the Bastille (letter of cachet) on July 14, 1789
• Episode of the great fear: from July 20 to August 11, 1789, the insurrections multiply, they attack the castles, burn the terriers (registers or where the lordly rights are)
• The Assembly is confronted with restoring order (to line up against the people) or finding legitimized with this people by satisfying their claims to regain control of the situation
• August 3, 1789: The Duke of Aiguillon (Breton nobility) wishes to carry the claim carried by the insurgent people: the abolition of a certain number of lordly rights
• Because he is not present, the Duke of Noailles pleads for the abolition of a certain number of lordly rights, rights which do not report revenues and which have fallen into desuetude, all other rights providing revenues are not directly abolished but are redeemable
• Night of August 4, 1789: the assembly responds in party to the claims of the peoples (abolition of privileges), tithe = abolished

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• This declaration is the direct consequence of the day of June 17, 1789, but also its legal, political, and philosophical justification
• Aims to recognize an set of natural rights (imprescriptable rules) that all individuals poses on which the social contract is based
• The nation is a set of living bodies under a common law
• DDHC = political text because it justifies the revolution: Mirabeau underlines that it is "the ignorance, the omission, or the contempt for the rights of Man which are the sole cause of people's misfortunes"
• The DDHC has the vocation of constructing a break with the old regime such as it had been practiced until now

Contents

• Individual rights: The rights of Man and the citizen: distinction between natural law and political law; Principle of equality natural rights + of freedom basically a political component, laws set the limits to liberty
• Notion of freedom in penal law: presumption of innocence – obliterated by a formal prohibition to “resist public authority”
• The right to property is a right protected by the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen, to the extent needed by the community
• Collective rights: the principle of sovereignty; the right to make law
• Right of nations: principle of separating powers
• Right to resist oppression
• The Assembly needs the King to enact the decrees, by authorizing the executive branch
• The King shall be allowed a suspensive veto power. The King makes up with this condition because the assembly adopted the motion regarding the abolishment of privileges, but he resists the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen. (He deems necessary an interpretative law)
• Foreign troops arrive at Versailles after being invited by the King in October the 1st, 1789
• Women and national guards take to go towards Versailles on October 6, the King agrees to enact the motion on the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen
• In the morning, the population invades the Versailles castle: the population takes control over the control and the state treasury

The Constitution of September 3-14, 1791: The Need for a Compromise Between Revolutionary Principles and the Monarchy

• A Work Under Constitutional Pressure due to Different Events

Domination of a Representative Assembly of the Sovereign's Will

• On June 20, 1791: Louis XVI, his wife, and his children flee Paris; captured at Varennes, he is taken back to Paris under an escort on June 25, 1791; the National Assembly did not want to strip him of his powers, so it covers up the escape imagine that he is held hostage by foreign forces.
• On July 15, 1791: the Nation al Assembly votes for the inviolability of the King
• On July 17, 1792 : A large crowd on the Champs de Mars, demanding the stripping of the king's powers
• Enters in play the national Assembly: a red flag, symbolizing it was necessary to disperse to prevent from being charged to by troops approximately 50 deaths
• Disconnection between the people and their representatives and the political elite

Bourgeois Constitution

• Constitution has to be able to get the support from the people
• The representatives of the nation in corps législatif have to ensure that the exercise of sovereignty belongs to them
• The lack of influence from Rousseau could get the bourgeois to support the laws and the political ideals, despite concerns for democracy
• Those who could not demonstrate qualities and economics strength in order to freely vote are prevented to vote- those who have not paid their taxes
• Need to pay the equivalent to 3 days of work

Legislative Constitution

• The representative only meant to convey the voices of other representatives on top in the hierarchy
• During that period before the constitution in 1791 all electors does not have their own will
• There were members that sought to distance themselves from the people
• Approval via referendum was not supported
• Inconceivable the absence of a referendum as citizens only have that sole function that the referendum would give

The Compromise of a King, Representative of the Nation Without being Sovereign

• Deputies were troubled by the king, unsure what to name him, and what place to give the king
• King is not part of legislative power since they were stripped. The executive power, however, is granted under the authority of the nation.
• "He is in France at no point authorized above the law". A departure founded on the continuity. "If one should not swear fealty to the nation then the crown should be given up". There was supposed to be an oath that would decide if one wanted to be king
• He cannot publish a decree of law. The legislative is supreme and he is forced to comply with requests from representatives of state

Subordinated Executive Power

• The King, Executive authority, under the authority of the legislative. Never to declare war by body unless he has explicit permission
• Position of decline has been expressed, need to swear oath, if king decides to take arms against nation there will be abdication and revocation
• September 13, 1791, signs Constitution and on 14 swears oath with country

Failure Of Legislative is about the Struggle for Power

• Elections on Aug 29 and Sept 5, there were 745 new deputies chosen; the deputies of the legislative were not "non-eligible."
• There were old deputies that congregated in known places
• Right was the Feuillants who tried to meet in honor of street and were 264 representatives with support middle-class; the goal was to restore the monarchy of landowners
• Left, the Jacobins had 13 deputies
• Center was composed of more modest, not able to press their demands

Conflicts Between The King and The Assembly

• Conflicts were from emigres in France and priest who did not share revolutionary ideas. They lost quality of citizenship.
• The emigres has not sworn, so the government has them be seized and sell their goods. Legislative intimates new officials to do oath as the hierarchy is with monarchy under the state, not Pope.
• These laws were temporarily suspended until May 27, 1792. There need to be a new push in order, those that did not swear must be taken from territory
• The constitution had no mechanisms to deal with these disagreements on the 20th of June, 1792. club of radicals led people in effort

Fall of the Monarchy

• The legislative had debate about if the King should continue being for War with foreign forces, but thinking forces had edge
• ROBESPIERRE in the radicals was opposed to war on April 20, 1792, war declared on King of Bohemia
• LAFAYETTE and DUMORIEZ had shifted from the events in Paris. June 17, they abandoned their armies
• July 6, 1792, Paris realized that Prussia and emigrants was a threat
• DE LISLE creates war song call 1792
• Robespierre takes command and the Kings is told the death would be at there hand
• The Brunswick Manifesto was made and if anything happened to king, then would come to Paris. 3rd of August, 1792

Over Turn Government

• Community of Paris over turn to for new government and protection where he demandesd to protect them
• August 10 the monarchy in 3 to 14th dies as power shifts to national government so new elections
• Those over 21 could elect members.
• September 21, National convention was proclaim calendar

Republic Without a Constitution

• Republic was establish in June 24, 1793
• The conditions for convention/election were to new laws/ government to protect
• Backing had to be the people and that people would fight
• That to be part can get a number of 7 million to state oath and defend government
• Remains the same people had to pick then would turn pick in National Council where 1/10 could vote for people. Was mostly minorities

Louis XVI Trial

• The revolution that politic engine, The forces of the Paris people was the only thing that remained
• The national convention in one day proclaimed that the French was one thing
• The question of would to happen was debated. L'ABBÉ GREGOIRE decide the role of Louis on setp, 1792. Kings in heart monsters/ Louis death is certain as documents show
• SAINT JUSTE says no innocence and he the birth of government depends it was important for Louis' death ROBESPIERRE agreed that, "the ones who dethrone are good"
• Tronchet did not want and had very small position.
• 3 question to jury, sentence, appeal and culpability; those was to be the jury to the Louis fate, did not like call then people and renounced

Constitution June 24, 1793

• A set of people is the reason of final dispute

The Glandin Project

• On February 15-93, the committee is done, complete duty and right/society must have needs filled for
• The question of suffrage and no interfering with justice. Period of 15 days over 7 minister
• Guandalinis hated that so the people cannot change it what so ever as need be ratfy this part. And so there need to be re done constitution at the time by SEIYES
• Put popular sovereignty as can remove ministers where one that must have jury where competent

Constit was Deboted Apirl

• Against Robspierre at the time and what it showed, this denounces it that shows aristocratic
• Robspierre hates it, gets hurt and administration will dominate
• In May so they can pull and pressure
• July2, as parliament force their own power and remove gandalins where free, people to can write constitution more for them
• Robspierre like that, it will ensure happiness and all would
• With executive of powers he will look after and care laws
• There are elections with those 21 of age

Republic without Demarcy, Found on Properties

• Constitution was was given the end of March to SIEYES only
• 1944 was signed on Aug 22 . To get rid if all the enemies and make it a peaceful country or get rid of the ones would cause more
• There was to be a guarantee and new set of principle and people work with each other where people with respect others and what does need them where people with liberty and equality
• Need the person with honesty as there was Kant which should have honest as if not there were Robespiette and Saint-Just
• The most have the to vote 150/200 is the

Those Who Live There will Vote

• Education for essential if know to read
• Had two, clubs that did not
• Government of 750 member, can only be 800 to third

How to Stop Dictatorship

• All citizen government
• The universal to the government will be under the people, no one from to come in
• There people can do the resolution what come to republic and don't, no approve the and reject what come those things will be to the olden to new ones and change and those changes does must do it.

Need To Run That To executive

• Needs of people in 5/6 and those cannot have post by must people elect to must happen tour where is it only was.
• Has to do all and take all people, needs to have all minister which congress

Section 3 coup permanent

• Needs for good government
• Need to go to referendum -3 hundred to 200, too hard in power from what say to get