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Questions and Answers
The procession finished at the church of Saint-Louis, where Monseigneur de La Fare, bishop of ______, stood at the pulpit.
The procession finished at the church of Saint-Louis, where Monseigneur de La Fare, bishop of ______, stood at the pulpit.
Nancy
This was the first time in history a bishop was ______ in a church.
This was the first time in history a bishop was ______ in a church.
applauded
Louis XVI declared himself 'the ______ greatest friend' during his speech.
Louis XVI declared himself 'the ______ greatest friend' during his speech.
people's
Necker claimed that new taxes would be enough to make up for the ______.
Necker claimed that new taxes would be enough to make up for the ______.
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The Commoners were dissatisfied with the mediocre discourse and decided to take things into their own ______.
The Commoners were dissatisfied with the mediocre discourse and decided to take things into their own ______.
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According to Kant, justice obtains only when each member of a society can freely act to realize his or her ends, to the fullest extent compatible with a like freedom for everyone else, which emphasizes the concept of ______.
According to Kant, justice obtains only when each member of a society can freely act to realize his or her ends, to the fullest extent compatible with a like freedom for everyone else, which emphasizes the concept of ______.
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Kant argues that widespread freedom of action can exist only in a ______, which respects rights and divides powers.
Kant argues that widespread freedom of action can exist only in a ______, which respects rights and divides powers.
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Kant states that stable peace can only come when all nations are republics governed by citizens who value the security of their ______.
Kant states that stable peace can only come when all nations are republics governed by citizens who value the security of their ______.
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In Kant's view, even a worldwide federation of republics cannot guarantee world ______.
In Kant's view, even a worldwide federation of republics cannot guarantee world ______.
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After the death of Queen Anne, the Crown went to the heirs of ______, Electress of Hanover.
After the death of Queen Anne, the Crown went to the heirs of ______, Electress of Hanover.
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Under the Hanoverians, Great Britain developed the modern position of the ______, appointed by the Crown to handle legislative business.
Under the Hanoverians, Great Britain developed the modern position of the ______, appointed by the Crown to handle legislative business.
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George I became king when he was already an old man and spoke little ______.
George I became king when he was already an old man and spoke little ______.
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Robert Walpole served as ______ from 1721-42, playing a key role in early parliamentary government.
Robert Walpole served as ______ from 1721-42, playing a key role in early parliamentary government.
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The important composer during the 1740s and 50s was ______.
The important composer during the 1740s and 50s was ______.
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The light-hearted, frivolous court style of the 18th century is called ______.
The light-hearted, frivolous court style of the 18th century is called ______.
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John Law was appointed as the controller general for the French monarchy by the regent for ______.
John Law was appointed as the controller general for the French monarchy by the regent for ______.
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John Law's proposal included the creation of a national ______.
John Law's proposal included the creation of a national ______.
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The notorious 'Mississippi Bubble' resulted in thousands of ______ losing their investments.
The notorious 'Mississippi Bubble' resulted in thousands of ______ losing their investments.
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The new tax proposed in 1749 was called ______.
The new tax proposed in 1749 was called ______.
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Jacques Turgot proposed six ______ to reform French finances.
Jacques Turgot proposed six ______ to reform French finances.
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Necker's 'Compte rendu au Roi' aimed to enhance transparency in ______.
Necker's 'Compte rendu au Roi' aimed to enhance transparency in ______.
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The true deficit revealed by Necker was actually ______ livres.
The true deficit revealed by Necker was actually ______ livres.
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The position of tax farmer in France was sold at a very high ______.
The position of tax farmer in France was sold at a very high ______.
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The 'corvées' that Turgot aimed to address were forced ______ by aristocrats on peasants.
The 'corvées' that Turgot aimed to address were forced ______ by aristocrats on peasants.
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The financial model John Law proposed was based on the ______ of the Dutch.
The financial model John Law proposed was based on the ______ of the Dutch.
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Necker's report highlighted substantial pensions paid to indigent ______.
Necker's report highlighted substantial pensions paid to indigent ______.
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After Necker’s financial reforms, he was forced to ______ on May 19, 1781.
After Necker’s financial reforms, he was forced to ______ on May 19, 1781.
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Calonne convened an Assembly of ______ in 1786.
Calonne convened an Assembly of ______ in 1786.
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Necker was recalled as finance minister on ______ 26, 1788.
Necker was recalled as finance minister on ______ 26, 1788.
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The Third Estate was pushed for ______ representation during the Estates-General.
The Third Estate was pushed for ______ representation during the Estates-General.
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Necker's suggestion for political reform involved a ______ legislature.
Necker's suggestion for political reform involved a ______ legislature.
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The Estates General met at ______ on May 5, 1789.
The Estates General met at ______ on May 5, 1789.
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The Assembly of Notables was called to support a new ______ tax.
The Assembly of Notables was called to support a new ______ tax.
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The king who summoned the Estates General was ______ XVI.
The king who summoned the Estates General was ______ XVI.
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The radical cleric who authored 'What is the Third Estate?' was ______ Sieyes.
The radical cleric who authored 'What is the Third Estate?' was ______ Sieyes.
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The king was surrounded by important Officers to the ______.
The king was surrounded by important Officers to the ______.
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The Third Estate was composed of the ______ and peasantry.
The Third Estate was composed of the ______ and peasantry.
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Necker faced pressure from the privileged classes insisting on the traditional method of voting by ______.
Necker faced pressure from the privileged classes insisting on the traditional method of voting by ______.
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The king's attire included an overcoat of ______ fabric.
The king's attire included an overcoat of ______ fabric.
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The claim by the Third Estate was met with resistance from the ______ of Paris.
The claim by the Third Estate was met with resistance from the ______ of Paris.
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On July 11, 1789, Necker's dismissal was seen as a sign of ______ reaction.
On July 11, 1789, Necker's dismissal was seen as a sign of ______ reaction.
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George III reigned from 1760 to ______.
George III reigned from 1760 to ______.
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William Pitt the Younger defined the role of ______ during George III's reign.
William Pitt the Younger defined the role of ______ during George III's reign.
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George Frideric Handel was a celebrated composer of the ______ period.
George Frideric Handel was a celebrated composer of the ______ period.
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Handel's 'Water Music' was famously performed for King ______ during a royal barge procession.
Handel's 'Water Music' was famously performed for King ______ during a royal barge procession.
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The Hallelujah Chorus is part of Handel's oratorio called ______.
The Hallelujah Chorus is part of Handel's oratorio called ______.
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Empress Maria Theresa sought to strengthen her control over the remaining Habsburg ______.
Empress Maria Theresa sought to strengthen her control over the remaining Habsburg ______.
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Emperor Joseph II aimed to make ______ the lawmaker of his empire.
Emperor Joseph II aimed to make ______ the lawmaker of his empire.
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Joseph II closed thousands of ______ unless they contributed to society.
Joseph II closed thousands of ______ unless they contributed to society.
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Louis XIV developed an absolute ______ in France.
Louis XIV developed an absolute ______ in France.
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Louis XV attempted reforms to the antiquated ______ system.
Louis XV attempted reforms to the antiquated ______ system.
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The 7 Years’ War resulted in France losing most of its ______.
The 7 Years’ War resulted in France losing most of its ______.
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Louis XVI supported the ______ Revolution.
Louis XVI supported the ______ Revolution.
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Maria Theresa was the mother of Emperor ______ II.
Maria Theresa was the mother of Emperor ______ II.
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The British captured the bulk of the French ______ trade during the 7 Years’ War.
The British captured the bulk of the French ______ trade during the 7 Years’ War.
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Mozart was commissioned to compose the opera 'Abduction from the ______'.
Mozart was commissioned to compose the opera 'Abduction from the ______'.
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Study Notes
Kant's Perpetual Peace
- Kant argued that justice, and therefore widespread freedom, can exist only in republics.
- Republics must respect private property, contracts, and separate legislative, executive, and judicial powers.
- They must also prohibit hereditary rulers.
- A worldwide federation of republics facilitates, but doesn't guarantee peace, which ultimately depends on moral politicians' choices.
Great Britain under the Hanoverians
- The Hanoverians succeeded the Stuarts, introducing the Prime Minister position.
- Early Hanoverian monarchs (George I & II) relied heavily on Prime Ministers to manage Parliament.
- Robert Walpole held the de facto role from 1721-1742.
- George III (1760-1820) fostered a British identity, and William Pitt the Younger defined the Prime Minister role further during George III's reign.
- George III's periods of insanity saw Pitt take a defacto leading role
Musical Developments in 18th Century Britain
- Handel, a German composer, gained great acclaim in England.
- Handel's connections with the Hanoverian royal family facilitated his integration into English society.
- His Water Music and Coronation Anthems cemented his status.
- Handel revolutionized English music by creating oratorios, like Messiah, allowing theatrical-style performances during Lent.
Austria under the Habsburgs
- Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) strengthened Habsburg control after losing Silesia, by reorganizing administration and the tax system.
- Her son, Emperor Joseph II (1780-1790), aimed for radical philosophical reform in Austria.
- Joseph II closed monasteries for those not deemed socially profitable and sought religious toleration.
- He modernized the bureaucracy to German, facing opposition from minority groups.
- Joseph II supported Mozart's early career.
France: Envy of Europe / Financial Failure
- France, initially the most powerful European nation, faced internal turmoil and economic problems by century's end.
- Louis XIV built an absolute monarchy, limiting aristocratic political power but crippling their commercial development.
- Louis XV struggled to reform France's taxation system despite its wealth.
- France's empire diminished significantly during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).
- Louis XVI, grandson of Louis XV, supported the American Revolution and faced mounting financial trouble.
French Finances: Attempts at Reform
- John Law's financial schemes (Mississippi Bubble) had initially promising but ultimately failed to reform French finances.
- Tax farming was a method of privatizing tax collection which was common before modern finance.
- The vingtième was a new income tax, aiming to tax everyone.
- Jacques Turgot's six edicts, including attempts to eliminate aristocratic tax exemptions and guild privileges.
- Necker's Compte rendu au Roi, attempting financial transparency, revealed a larger deficit, contributing to increasing pressure towards reform.
- Calonne's Assembly of Notables aimed to implement reforms, but sparked opposition from the aristocracy and led to the calling of the Estates-General.
- The Estates-General convened on May 5, 1789, leading up to the Revolution.
Calling of the Estates General
- The Estates-General convened in 1789, gathering many suggestions about representation and financial solutions.
- Abbé Sieyès' "What is the Third Estate?" argued for the Third Estate's sole representation based on its labor contribution.
- The King attempted a compromise by increasing the Third Estate's representation, however, the Parlement of Paris opposed giving the Third Estate equal representation
- The Estates General's convening coincided with growing dissatisfaction and ultimately, the Revolution.
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Description
Explore Kant's arguments for achieving peace through republics and the role of property and government powers. Dive into the Hanoverian era in Great Britain, highlighting the evolution of the Prime Minister role and key figures like Robert Walpole and William Pitt. Discover the musical advancements of 18th century Britain, focusing on influential composers like Handel.
