Questions and Answers
What is momentum?
Quantity of motion an object has. If an object is in motion, it has momentum.
What is the relationship between mass, velocity, and momentum?
The greater the mass and velocity, the greater the momentum.
What is impulse?
The product of the average force and the time over which it acts, F x t.
What does the impulse-momentum theorem state?
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Objects at rest do not have momentum.
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When should you use the impulse-momentum change equation?
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What is the relationship between change in momentum and impulse?
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When can a large impulse occur?
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What is the law of conservation of momentum?
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What are the equations for the law of conservation of momentum?
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What are the equations for two objects in a collision that stick together afterward?
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What are the equations for two objects in a collision that bounce off each other?
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What is impulse in relation to a collision?
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The impulse serves to change the ______ of the object.
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Momentum is a __ quantity.
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What is the equation for change in momentum?
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Describe Newton's 3rd law in relation to collisions.
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What is the relationship between mass and acceleration?
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Between two objects in a collision, which object experiences the greater force?
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In a collision between two objects, which object experiences the greatest impulse?
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In a collision between two objects, which object experiences the greatest change in momentum?
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In a collision between two objects, which object experiences the greatest acceleration?
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According to the law of momentum conservation, if a collision occurs in an isolated system, then any object involved in the collision will conserve its own momentum.
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Study Notes
Momentum
- Defined as the quantity of motion an object possesses, related to both its mass and velocity.
- Momentum is calculated using the formula: momentum = mass × velocity.
- Greater mass and greater velocity result in greater momentum.
Impulse
- Impulse is the product of average force and the duration of time the force acts, represented as F × t.
- The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse on an object equals its change in momentum.
Key Relationships
- Objects at rest have zero momentum.
- Newton's second law indicates that the change in velocity is influenced by the applied force, formulated as a = F/m.
- Large changes in momentum require large impulses, which can result from either a large force acting over a short time or a small force over a longer duration.
Conservation of Momentum
- In a closed, isolated system, the total momentum remains constant before and after an interaction, described by the law of conservation of momentum.
- Equations for conservation of momentum can be expressed as:
- P total initial = P total final
- mv total initial = mv total final
Collision Scenarios
- For two objects colliding and sticking together, the equation is: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)v final.
- For elastic collisions where objects bounce off each other, the equation is: m1v1 initial + m2v2 initial = m1v1 final + m2v2 final.
Impulse in Collisions
- The force experienced by an object during a collision, acting for a specific duration, is termed impulse.
- Impulse specifically changes the momentum of an object.
Characteristics of Momentum
- Momentum is a vector quantity, possessing both magnitude and direction.
- Change in momentum can be calculated using the equation: p final - p initial.
Newton's Third Law and Collisions
- In collisions, both involved objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other, in accordance with Newton's third law.
- When analyzing forces during a collision, both objects experience the same force, impulse, and change in momentum.
- The object with the least mass experiences the greatest acceleration.
Misconceptions
- In an isolated system, the total momentum conserved means individual objects do not conservatively retain their own momentum; rather, the sum must remain constant.
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