Mollusks and Echinoderms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which class of mollusks is characterized by having a coiled shell in most species?

  • Polyplacophora
  • Gastropoda (correct)
  • Cephalopoda
  • Bivalvia

What distinguishes class Bivalvia from other mollusk classes?

  • Tentacles with beaks
  • Two halves of a shell (correct)
  • Asymmetrical body structure
  • Presence of radula

Which of the following is a feature of the Cephalopoda class?

  • Closed circulatory system (correct)
  • Radula for feeding
  • Head well developed
  • Grazing behavior

Which organism is not a member of the gastropod class?

<p>Anodonta anatina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feeding method used by bivalves?

<p>Suspension feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes members of the clade Errantia from Sedentaria?

<p>Errantians are mobile marine organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated with Errantians and aids in their movement?

<p>Parapodia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Sedentarians?

<p>They often have elaborate gills or tentacles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the clade Sedentaria?

<p>Clam Worms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms does the Ecdysozoa clade primarily include?

<p>Organisms that molt their exoskeleton. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used by echinoderms for gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding?

<p>Water vascular system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is a member of the class Asteroidea?

<p>Pisaster ochraceus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing feature do all species in the Phylum Echinodermata share in their adult form?

<p>Radial symmetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the reproductive strategy of echinoderms?

<p>Separate sexes with external fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is categorized under the class Ophiuroidea?

<p>Amphiodia occidentalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?

<p>Lack of a backbone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla contains organisms that are primarily marine and include sponges?

<p>Porifera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction occurs in sponges, allowing them to produce new individuals from fragments?

<p>Asexual reproduction by fragmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic found in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

<p>Simple body plan with two forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cnidarians capture their prey?

<p>Using tentacles with cnidocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defining feature distinguishes Lophotrochozoa from other groups of invertebrates?

<p>Possession of a lophophore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class within Phylum Platyhelminthes is mostly free-living and marine?

<p>Turbellaria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do planarians, which belong to the class Turbellaria, excrete nitrogenous waste?

<p>Via the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is primarily used by Dugesia?

<p>Cilia on a slime trail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about Class Trematoda (flukes)?

<p>They possess a complex life cycle with both sexual and asexual stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes Class Cestoidea (tapeworms)?

<p>They have a scolex with hooks for attachment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about lophophorates?

<p>They possess a complete digestive system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic defining Ectoprocts (bryozoans)?

<p>They possess a hard exoskeleton encasing their colony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes brachiopods from clams?

<p>The two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Phylum Mollusca is correct?

<p>They mostly have a hard calcium carbonate shell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of Class Polyplacophora (chitons)?

<p>Their shell is composed of eight plates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reproduction in insects classified under Class Insecta?

<p>Sexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order of insects includes butterflies and moths?

<p>Lepidoptera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insects is classified under the order Coleoptera?

<p>Ladybird Beetle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically found in the Class Crustacea?

<p>Internal fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insect is NOT part of the order Hemiptera?

<p>Honey Bee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which order are crabs, shrimp, and lobsters classified?

<p>Decapoda (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is often recognized as a primary consumer among Crustacea?

<p>Krill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of insects in the order Diptera?

<p>Two functional wings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphosis do insects undergo that involves distinct life stages?

<p>Complete metamorphosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the group of insects that includes termites?

<p>Isoptera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to Class Cephalopoda compared to the other classes of mollusks?

<p>Presence of a beak used for injecting venom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do members of Class Bivalvia primarily obtain food?

<p>Suspension feeding through paired gills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes members of Class Gastropoda from other mollusks?

<p>Asymmetrical body with torsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant anatomical feature shared by members of Phylum Annelida?

<p>Presence of a closed circulatory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is an example of a gastropod?

<p>Littorina sp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that distinguishes the clade Errantia from the clade Sedentaria?

<p>Mobility and existence in marine environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is commonly found in members of the clade Sedentaria that aids in filter feeding?

<p>Elaborate gills or tentacles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are included in the clade Sedentaria?

<p>Leeches and earthworms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chaetae play in the anatomy of Errantians?

<p>Locomotion and movement facilitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with clade Errantia?

<p>Primarily sediment-dwelling animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of most invertebrate species?

<p>Marine or aquatic environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines members of the Phylum Porifera?

<p>Lack a backbone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cnidocytes used for in Cnidaria?

<p>Capturing prey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproductive strategy is common among sponges?

<p>Asexual reproduction through fragmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the Lophotrochozoa clade?

<p>Crown of ciliated tentacles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Platyhelminthes includes free-living aquatic species?

<p>Turbellaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Cnidarians control their movements?

<p>Nerve net (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of body plan is typical for members of the phylum Cnidaria?

<p>Radial symmetry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of organisms in the Phylum Echinodermata?

<p>Radial symmetry in their adult form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes includes species that exhibit a water vascular system?

<p>Asteroidea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is classified under the class Ophiuroidea?

<p>Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reproductive strategy of echinoderms?

<p>External fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a planktonic larval stage characteristic of many Echinoderms?

<p>Bipinnaria larva (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major distinguishing characteristic of phylum Nematoda?

<p>Unsegmented body with tapered ends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class within Arthropoda is known for having book lungs?

<p>Arachnida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Class Myriopoda?

<p>Contains organisms with one pair of antennae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulatory system is found in arthropods?

<p>Open circulatory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical feature of insects in the class Insecta?

<p>Complex digestive system and Malpighian tubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of appendages do centipedes possess?

<p>One pair of walking legs per segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the phylum Arthropoda?

<p>Exoskeleton that requires molting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nematodes is known to infect humans?

<p>Ascaris lumbricoides (B), Trichinella spiralis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following orders includes bees and wasps?

<p>Hymenoptera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction do most insects undergo?

<p>Sexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Crustacea is known for having a variety of appendages, including walking legs and antennae?

<p>Malacostraca (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order within Class Insecta includes true bugs?

<p>Hemiptera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is true for all insects classified under the order Diptera?

<p>They have one pair of wings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order includes the Jerusalem cricket and grasshoppers?

<p>Orthoptera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of larval stage is generally found in Crustacea?

<p>Swimming larvae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a member of the order Lepidoptera?

<p>Butterfly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is classified under Siphonoptera?

<p>Cat Flea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of insects from the order Odonata?

<p>They have long, slender bodies and two pairs of wings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Invertebrates

Animals without a backbone, encompassing most animal phyla except part of phylum Chordata.

Phylum Porifera

Sponges; aquatic animals; lack true tissues; suspension feeders.

Phylum Cnidaria

Animals with two body forms (polyp and medusa); predatory; use cnidocytes on tentacles.

Lophotrochozoa

A major animal group; some have lophophores (feeding structures) or trochophore larvae, not both.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, mostly free-living or parasitic; dorsoventrally flattened bodies.

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Acoelomate

Animals without a body cavity (coelom)

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Suspension feeder

An animal that feeds on food particles suspended in water

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Nerve net

A simple nervous system lacking a central brain, found in some invertebrates like cnidarians.

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What is a radula?

A rasping, tongue-like structure in mollusks used for scraping food, found in gastropods and chitons, but not bivalves.

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What is torsion?

A developmental process in gastropods where the body twists 180 degrees, resulting in the anus and mantle cavity being located above the head.

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How do bivalves feed?

Bivalves are suspension feeders, meaning they filter food particles from the water using their gills.

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What are byssal threads?

Tough, silky threads secreted by bivalves, used for attaching to rocks or pilings.

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What is the mantle in cephalopods?

A fleshy covering that encloses the visceral mass in cephalopods, also forming the shell (when present).

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Dugesia (Planarian)

A free-living flatworm, moves using cilia on a slime trail, has eyespots and lateral flaps for detecting smell, and can reproduce sexually or asexually.

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Flukes (Trematoda)

Internal parasitic flatworms, specialized for reproduction, with complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual stages, and sometimes intermediate hosts.

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Tapeworms (Cestoidea)

Parasitic flatworms without a digestive system that use a scolex with hooks to attach themselves to their host.

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Rotifers

Microscopic multicellular animals, mostly aquatic, with a complete digestive tract and a fluid-filled pseudocoelom acting as a circulatory system. They often reproduce asexually.

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Lophophorates

Animals with a lophophore. This is a crown of tentacles around their mouth. They have a true coelom, and include ectoprocts and brachiopods

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Bryozoans (Ectoprocts)

Sessile colonial animals resembling plants, encased in a hard exoskeleton, and found in both fresh and saltwater.

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Brachiopods

Marine animals that resemble clams, but have dorsal and ventral shells, often attached to the seafloor by a stalk.

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Mollusks

A large diverse group of organisms, mostly marine, with a hard calcium carbonate shell in many types, and a larval planktonic stage (trochophore).

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Errantia

A clade of annelids that are mostly mobile, marine organisms with paddle-like appendages called parapodia.

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Sedentaria

A clade of annelids that are typically less mobile than errantians, often burrowing or living in protective tubes.

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Parapodia

Paddle-like or ridge-like structures found on each segment of many errantian annelids, aiding in movement and locomotion.

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What are chaetae?

Bristles made of chitin, found on the parapodia of errantian annelids, providing grip and traction.

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What are the characteristics of leeches?

Leeches are a group belonging to the Sedentaria clade, known for their blood-sucking habits and the presence of suckers at both ends of their bodies.

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Complete Metamorphosis

A type of insect development involving four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. During metamorphosis, the insect undergoes significant physical changes.

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Insect Orders

Groups of insects classified based on shared characteristics, such as wing structure, mouthparts, and life cycle.

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Coleoptera

The order of beetles, characterized by hardened forewings called elytra that protect the hind wings.

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Hemiptera

The order of true bugs, known for their piercing-sucking mouthparts and often having wings with hardened bases.

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Hymenoptera

The order of bees, ants, and wasps, characterized by membranous wings and a stinger (in females).

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Lepidoptera

The order of butterflies and moths, known for their colorful wings covered in scales.

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Odonata

The order of dragonflies and damselflies, characterized by their large, transparent wings.

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Orthoptera

The order of crickets, grasshoppers, mantids, and roaches, known for their strong hind legs for jumping.

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Phthiraptera

The order of lice, wingless parasites that feed on blood of mammals and birds.

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Siphonoptera

The order of fleas, wingless parasites that feed on blood of mammals and birds, known for their jumping ability.

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What is a water vascular system?

A network of hydraulic canals and tube feet found in echinoderms, used for gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding.

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What is a tube foot?

A small, muscular, fluid-filled extension of the water vascular system in echinoderms, used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

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What is the difference between Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea?

Asteroidea (sea stars) have a central disc and five arms that are not sharply distinct from the body. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) have a distinct central disc and five long, flexible arms.

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What is Echinoidea?

This class of echinoderms includes sea urchins and sand dollars. They have a round body with spines and a mouth on the underside.

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What is Holothuroidea?

This class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers. They have a long, soft body and are often found on the ocean floor.

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What are Chitons?

Chitons are marine mollusks with a shell composed of eight plates. They are grazers, using their radula to scrape algae off rocks.

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What are Cephalopods?

Cephalopods are marine mollusks, including octopuses, squids, and nautiluses. They have a reduced or internal shell, a mantle covering the visceral mass, and tentacles with beaks for hunting.

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What are Annelids?

Annelids are segmented worms, commonly known as earthworms. They have a closed circulatory system, a complex digestive system, and reproduce both sexually and asexually.

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Sessile Animals

Animals that are permanently attached to a surface and cannot move freely. They include sponges and many cnidarians like corals.

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Hermaphrodite

An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs. Some sponges and other invertebrates are this.

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Cnidocyte

A specialized stinging cell found in cnidarians such as jellyfish and sea anemones. It helps them capture prey.

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Trochophore Larva

A free-swimming larval stage found in some invertebrates, like mollusks and annelids, characterized by a ring of cilia around the body.

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Dorsoventrally Flattened

A body shape that is flattened along the top-bottom axis, like flatworms. This allows for better surface area for gas exchange and movement across surfaces.

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Chaetae

Bristles made of chitin, found on the parapodia of errantian annelids, providing grip and traction.

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What are Leeches?

Leeches are a group belonging to the Sedentaria clade, known for their blood-sucking habits and the presence of suckers at both ends of their bodies.

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What are Cirripedia?

Barnacles, a group of marine crustaceans that are sessile as adults, attached to rocks, ships, or other surfaces. They filter feed using feathery appendages called cirri.

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What are Echinoderms?

A diverse group of marine animals that are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae and radially symmetrical as adults. They have a unique water vascular system that helps them move, feed, and exchange gas.

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What is the water vascular system?

A network of canals and tube feet found in echinoderms. It uses hydraulic pressure to help with movement, feeding, and gas exchange.

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Asteroidea

Sea stars, characterized by a central disc and five arms (not sharply distinct from the body). They have a tube foot system for movement, feeding, and gas exchange.

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Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars, characterized by a distinct central disc and five long, flexible arms. They are efficient predators, using their arms to capture prey.

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Nematoda

Phylum of roundworms, characterized by unsegmented bodies, tapered at both ends, and a fluid-filled pseudocoelom. They can be parasitic or free-living.

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Arthropoda

Phylum of animals with a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. They are extremely diverse and abundant, including insects, spiders, crustaceans, and millipedes.

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Cheliceriformes

A class of arthropods that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. They have a cephalothorax, chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs of legs.

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Myriopoda

A class of arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes, characterized by many legs and a segmented body.

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Hexapoda

A class of arthropods that includes insects, characterized by three pairs of legs and often wings. They are incredibly diverse and found in nearly all terrestrial environments.

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Incomplete vs. Complete metamorphosis

Incomplete metamorphosis is seen in insects like grasshoppers, where the young (nymphs) resemble smaller versions of adults and molt several times. Complete metamorphosis involves a larval stage (caterpillar), followed by a pupal stage (chrysalis) before reaching the adult stage. This pattern is seen in butterflies, moths, and beetles.

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What are the main characteristics of Arthropoda?

Arthropods are distinguished by segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen), hard exoskeletons requiring molting, and jointed appendages. This body plan has proven successful since the Cambrian explosion.

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How do arthropods breathe?

Most arthropods use a system of tracheae, branching tubes that connect to the external environment through openings called spiracles.

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Order Coleoptera

The order of beetles, known for their hardened forewings, called elytra, which protect the hind wings.

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Order Hemiptera

The order of true bugs, characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts and wings with hardened bases.

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Order Hymenoptera

The order of bees, ants, and wasps, known for their membranous wings and, in females, a stinger.

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Order Lepidoptera

The order of butterflies and moths, characterized by colorful wings covered in scales.

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Order Odonata

The order of dragonflies and damselflies, known for their large, transparent wings.

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Order Orthoptera

The order of crickets, grasshoppers, mantids, and roaches, known for strong hind legs for jumping.

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Class Malacostraca

The class of crustaceans that includes isopods, amphipods, and decapods, featuring diverse body forms and extensive appendages.

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Order Decapoda

The order of crustaceans that includes crabs, shrimp, lobsters, and crayfish, characterized by ten walking legs.

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Class Copepoda

The class of crustaceans, known as copepods, that are the most abundant primary consumers in oceans.

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Study Notes

Invertebrates

  • Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.
  • They comprise all animal phyla except part of Chordata.
  • Most invertebrate species are marine or aquatic.
  • The defining characteristic of an invertebrate is the lack of a backbone.

Invertebrate Phyla

  • Porifera (Sponges):

    • ~9,000 species
    • Sessile animals; lack true tissues (no nerves or muscles)
    • Primarily marine
    • Suspension feeders
    • Hermaphroditic
    • Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
  • Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones):

    • ~10,000 species
    • Simple body plan with two forms (polyps and medusae)
    • Single central cavity and single opening
    • Predatory; capture prey with tentacles and cnidocytes.
  • Lophotrochozoa:

    • Molecular-defined clade
    • Lophophore (crown of ciliated tentacles) functions in feeding
    • Trochophore larvae
    • Some members share neither trait
    • Platyhelminthes (flatworms):
      • ~20,000 species
      • Free-living and parasitic
      • Dorsoventrally flattened
      • More complex (have mesoderm) with true muscles
      • Gastrovascular cavity with one opening
      • 4 classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoidea
    • Mollusca (clams, snails, squids, etc):
      • ~150,000+ species, mostly marine
      • Most have a hard calcium carbonate shell
      • Includes shellfish, snails, slugs, squids, and octopi
      • Larval planktonic stage called trochophore in marine mollusks.
      • Eight classes
    • Annelida (segmented worms):
      • ~15,000 species
      • Marine, aquatic, moist soil organisms
      • Segmented bodies, complex digestive system, closed circulatory system
      • Waste removed and expelled by metanephridia (excretory organs)
      • Hermaphroditic, but cross-fertilizing, sometimes asexual
      • Three classes: Oligochaeta (earthworms), Polychaeta (clam worms), Hirudinea (leeches)
  • Ecdysozoa:

    • Molecular-defined clade
    • Many organisms in this clade molt their exoskeletons.
    • Nematoda (roundworms):
      • ~90,000+ species, maybe ~900,000
      • Parasitic and Free-living
      • Unsegmented, tapered at both ends, fluid pseudocoelom, longitudinal muscles
      • Male & female, sexual, resistant zygotes
      • Abundant in soil and detritus
      • Three notable nematode examples: Caenorhabditis elegans, Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans, spiders):

    • ~1,000,000+ species described, 2/3 of all organisms
    • Dominant by sheer numbers
    • Segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen)
    • Hard exoskeleton that requires molting
    • Jointed appendages
    • Extensive cephalization and well-developed sense organs
    • Open circulatory system with hemolymph.
    • Gills or other specialized surfaces for gas exchange
  • Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, etc):

    • ~7,000 species, all marine.
    • Early development similar to chordates
    • Radially symmetrical as adults, bilaterally symmetrical planktoric larvae
    • Water vascular systems; hydraulic canals and tube feet are used in gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding.
    • Separate sexes; external fertilization
  • Other significant invertebrate phyla: Rotifera (rotifers), Bryozoa(Bryozoans), Brachiopoda (brachiopods)

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Test your knowledge on the unique characteristics of various mollusk classes, including Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda. Additionally, explore the fascinating features of echinoderms, such as their gas exchange mechanisms and reproductive strategies. This quiz will enhance your understanding of marine biology concepts related to these two important groups.

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